Lungs and Pleura

Question 1

The lungs are covered by:
A. Parietal pleura
B. Fibrous pericardium
C. Visceral pleura 
D. Visceral pericardium

Answer 1

C

Question 2

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

What are the parts of the parietal pleura?

Answer 4

Cervical-Superior
Costal-lateral
Diaphragmatic-Inferior
Mediastinal-Medial

Question 5

Using the balloon example, what does the hand and the balloon represent?

Answer 5

The hands are the lungs and the balloon around the hand is the visceral pleura. The outside of the balloon represents the parietal pleura.

Question 6

What can cause a collapsed lung?

Answer 6

When the parietal pleura peels off of the body wall for some reason and cause the lung to collapse. The parietal pleura has to be always adhered to the body wall and the visceral always has to be on the lung

Question 7

Which lung has a cardiac notch?

Answer 7

The left lung

Question 8

What are the lobes of the right lung?

Answer 8

Superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe

Question 9

What are the lobes of the left lung?

Answer 9

Superior lobe and the inferior lobe

Question 10

What is the inferior surface of both lungs?

Answer 10

Diaphragmatic surface

Question 11

What fissure is between the superior lobe and middle lobe of the right lung?

Answer 11

Horizontal fissure

Question 12

What is the fissure between the middle lobe and inferior lobe of the right lung?

Answer 12

Oblique fissure

Question 13

What fissure is only in the right lung?

Answer 13

The horizontal fissure

Question 14

What fissure is between the superior lobe and inferior lobe of the left lung?

Answer 14

Oblique fissure

Question 15

What two unique features does the superior lobe of the left lung have?

Answer 15

Cardiac notch and lingula

Question 16

What is the hilum of the lung?

Answer 16

Orifice located on the medial side of both lungs where the veins, arteries, nerves, and air conduits of the lungs can pass through the viscous membranes and enter the lungs

Question 17

What is the point of connection of the parietal and visceral pleura, and of the mediastinum and pleural cavities?

Answer 17

The hilum

Question 18

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 18

It is pleura that anchors the lung against the mediastinum

Question 19

What does the blood for the lung tissue come from?

Answer 19

Bronchial arteries

Question 20

What impressions are present on the mediastinum of the left lung?

Answer 20

Groove for arch of aorta
Groove for the descending aorta
Area for esophagus
Groove for let common carotid artery
And locations of vagus nerve, phrenic nerve and thoracic duct

Question 21

What is located in the hilum of the left lung?

Answer 21

Pulmonary veins, bronchi, pulmonary artery, and bronchial arteries

Question 22

Where is the vena cava relative to the aorta (Medial view)

Answer 22

Vena cava is more to the right and aorta to the left

Question 23

What impressions can be seen on the right lung (Medial View)

Answer 23

Area for esophagus (majority)
Groove for azygos vein
Location of vagus nerve
Location of phrenic nerve
Groove for right brachiocephalic vein 
Groove for superior vena cava
Groove for inferior vena cava

Question 24

What can be found in the hilum of the right lobe?

Answer 24

Pulmonary arteries
Superior lobe bronchus
Middle and inferior lobe bronchi
Pulmonary veins
Bronchial arteries

Question 25

True or False? | Even with the different number of lobes on each lung, the amount of bronchial segments are the same

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What is the right bronchial tree pathway?

Answer 26

Trachea->Right main bronchus -> Right superior(eparterial), middle, or inferior lobar bronchus -> Segmental bronchus (tertiary)

Question 27

What is the the left bronchial tree pathway?

Answer 27

Trachea (T)-> Left main bronchus (MB) -> Secondary (Lobar) bronchi (SB) Superior or inferior->Segmental (tertiary) bronchi (TB)

Question 28

What does the terminal end of every bronchial tree lead to?

Answer 28

Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs = alveolus

Question 29

Trace the pathway of blood through the heart back to the body

Answer 29

Superior/inferior vena cava->right atrium->tricuspid valve (AV valve)-> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary valve ->Pulmonary artery ->lung -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic valve -> aorta -> body

Question 30

What is the blood supply to the lungs?

Answer 30

Left bronchial arteries (from aorta) to left lung | and Right bronchial arteries (from intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial a) to the right lung

Question 31

What do the bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 31

azygos and hemiazygos vein

Question 32

What is the venous drainage of the lungs?

Answer 32

Bronchial veins and pulmonary veins

Question 33

On the right, what do the bronchial veins drain directly into?

Answer 33

Azygos vein

Question 34

On the left, what do the bronchial veins drain directly into?

Answer 34

hemiazygos vein or intercostal vein

Question 35

The heart and lungs receive sympathetic innervation from via what pathway?

Answer 35

Post ganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Question 36

What are the sympathetics of the lungs?

Answer 36

Postganglionic sympathetic pathway via the right and left pulmonary plexuses

Question 37

What are the parasympathetics of the lungs?

Answer 37

Vagus nerve (CNX) via same the right and left pulmonary plexuses

Question 38

What is pulmonary collapse? What can be the causes?

Answer 38

Collapsed lung: Air infiltrating the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura. When this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil (collapse) leaving air filled space within the pleural cavity that prevents expansion of the lung during inspiration

Question 39

What is hemothorax, hydrothorax, and chylothorax?

Answer 39

Other substances, such as blood (hemothorax) from a penetrating wound, serous fluid (hydrothorax), or lymph (chylothorax) that infiltrated the pleural cavity may also cause the lung to collapse

Question 40

What is pleuritis (pleurisy)?

Answer 40

Inflammation of the pleura, may cause "scraping sounds" during auscultation, and can cause sharp stabbing pain

Question 41

What is pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer 41

Obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble; often fatal. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common cause.

Question 42

What is bronchogenic carcinoma?

Answer 42

Lung cancer: - common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium - Smoking is a major cause - Highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue - Typically metastasizes to brain and cranium

Question 43

What is malignant mesothelioma?

Answer 43

- Rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura (mesothelium) - Caused by exposure to asbestos - Can affect other internal organs

Question 44

What is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer 44

- Bacterial infection of the lungs (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) - Can spread to other organs - Contagion spread through the air through droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing or talking - 1/3 of the world's population is currently infected with TB, but only 5-10% become sick or infectious (activeTB)