Lungs and Pleura Flashcards
The lungs are covered by: A. Parietal pleura B. Fibrous pericardium C. Visceral pleura D. Visceral pericardium
C
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
What are the parts of the parietal pleura?
Cervical-Superior
Costal-lateral
Diaphragmatic-Inferior
Mediastinal-Medial
Using the balloon example, what does the hand and the balloon represent?
The hands are the lungs and the balloon around the hand is the visceral pleura. The outside of the balloon represents the parietal pleura.
What can cause a collapsed lung?
When the parietal pleura peels off of the body wall for some reason and cause the lung to collapse. The parietal pleura has to be always adhered to the body wall and the visceral always has to be on the lung
Which lung has a cardiac notch?
The left lung
What are the lobes of the right lung?
Superior lobe, middle lobe, and inferior lobe
What are the lobes of the left lung?
Superior lobe and the inferior lobe
What is the inferior surface of both lungs?
Diaphragmatic surface
What fissure is between the superior lobe and middle lobe of the right lung?
Horizontal fissure
What is the fissure between the middle lobe and inferior lobe of the right lung?
Oblique fissure
What fissure is only in the right lung?
The horizontal fissure
What fissure is between the superior lobe and inferior lobe of the left lung?
Oblique fissure
What two unique features does the superior lobe of the left lung have?
Cardiac notch and lingula
What is the hilum of the lung?
Orifice located on the medial side of both lungs where the veins, arteries, nerves, and air conduits of the lungs can pass through the viscous membranes and enter the lungs
What is the point of connection of the parietal and visceral pleura, and of the mediastinum and pleural cavities?
The hilum
What is the pulmonary ligament?
It is pleura that anchors the lung against the mediastinum
What does the blood for the lung tissue come from?
Bronchial arteries
What impressions are present on the mediastinum of the left lung?
Groove for arch of aorta Groove for the descending aorta Area for esophagus Groove for let common carotid artery And locations of vagus nerve, phrenic nerve and thoracic duct
What is located in the hilum of the left lung?
Pulmonary veins, bronchi, pulmonary artery, and bronchial arteries
Where is the vena cava relative to the aorta (Medial view)
Vena cava is more to the right and aorta to the left
What impressions can be seen on the right lung (Medial View)
Area for esophagus (majority) Groove for azygos vein Location of vagus nerve Location of phrenic nerve Groove for right brachiocephalic vein Groove for superior vena cava Groove for inferior vena cava
What can be found in the hilum of the right lobe?
Pulmonary arteries Superior lobe bronchus Middle and inferior lobe bronchi Pulmonary veins Bronchial arteries
True or False?
Even with the different number of lobes on each lung, the amount of bronchial segments are the same
True
What is the right bronchial tree pathway?
Trachea->Right main bronchus -> Right superior(eparterial), middle, or inferior lobar bronchus -> Segmental bronchus (tertiary)
What is the the left bronchial tree pathway?
Trachea (T)-> Left main bronchus (MB) -> Secondary (Lobar) bronchi (SB) Superior or inferior->Segmental (tertiary) bronchi (TB)
What does the terminal end of every bronchial tree lead to?
Alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs = alveolus
Trace the pathway of blood through the heart back to the body
Superior/inferior vena cava->right atrium->tricuspid valve (AV valve)-> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary valve ->Pulmonary artery ->lung -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Mitral valve -> Left ventricle -> Aortic valve -> aorta -> body
What is the blood supply to the lungs?
Left bronchial arteries (from aorta) to left lung
and Right bronchial arteries (from intercostal arteries, aorta, or left bronchial a) to the right lung
What do the bronchial veins drain into?
azygos and hemiazygos vein
What is the venous drainage of the lungs?
Bronchial veins and pulmonary veins
On the right, what do the bronchial veins drain directly into?
Azygos vein
On the left, what do the bronchial veins drain directly into?
hemiazygos vein or intercostal vein
The heart and lungs receive sympathetic innervation from via what pathway?
Post ganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway
What are the sympathetics of the lungs?
Postganglionic sympathetic pathway via the right and left pulmonary plexuses
What are the parasympathetics of the lungs?
Vagus nerve (CNX) via same the right and left pulmonary plexuses
What is pulmonary collapse? What can be the causes?
Collapsed lung: Air infiltrating the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) can break surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura. When this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil (collapse) leaving air filled space within the pleural cavity that prevents expansion of the lung during inspiration
What is hemothorax, hydrothorax, and chylothorax?
Other substances, such as blood (hemothorax) from a penetrating wound, serous fluid (hydrothorax), or lymph (chylothorax) that infiltrated the pleural cavity may also cause the lung to collapse
What is pleuritis (pleurisy)?
Inflammation of the pleura, may cause “scraping sounds” during auscultation, and can cause sharp stabbing pain
What is pulmonary embolism (PE)?
Obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble; often fatal. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common cause.
What is bronchogenic carcinoma?
Lung cancer:
- common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium
- Smoking is a major cause
- Highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue
- Typically metastasizes to brain and cranium
What is malignant mesothelioma?
- Rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura (mesothelium)
- Caused by exposure to asbestos
- Can affect other internal organs
What is pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)?
- Bacterial infection of the lungs (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
- Can spread to other organs
- Contagion spread through the air through droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing or talking
- 1/3 of the world’s population is currently infected with TB, but only 5-10% become sick or infectious (activeTB)
