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Anatomy II Test I - Jourdan > Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall Flashcards

0
Q

What forms the costal margins (arch)?

A

Rib 7 and ribs 8-10 that attach to 7.

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1
Q

What is in the abdominal region?

A

Peritoneal cavity
Gastrointestinal tract and associated glands and digestive organs
Nerves (lots of autonomics, particularly parasympathetics), lymphatics, blood vessels
Renal system

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2
Q

What sits between the costal margins superiorly?

A

Xiphoid process

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3
Q

What bony landmarks for the anterior abdominal wall on are the ilium?

A

Crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Tubercle of iliac crest

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4
Q

What bony landmarks for the anterior abdominal wall are found on the pubis?

A

Pubic tubercle
Pubic symphysis
Pubic crest

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5
Q

What is the linea terminalis

A

A line that separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis

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6
Q

What is superior to the linea terminalis?

A

Abdomen or false pelvis

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7
Q

What is inferior to the linea terminalis

A

Pelvis or true pelvis

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8
Q

What forms the linea terminalis

A

Pectin pubis
Arcuate line of the ilium
Sacral promontory of the sacrum

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9
Q

What are the three superficial fascia of the abdomen?

A

Skin
Fatty layer: (camper’s)(more superficial)
Membranous layer: (Scarpa’s) (deeper)

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10
Q

What is the fatty layer continuous with in the abdomen?

A

Continuous with the superficial fatty layers in the thorax, thigh and perineum

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11
Q

What is the membranous layer in the abdomen continuous with?

A

Continuous with the fascia lata in the thigh and with the deep layer of superficial perineal fascia

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12
Q

What layer do the superficial blood vessels run in, in the abdomen?

A

The fatty layer of superficial fascia

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13
Q

What superficial layer in the abdomen fuses with the fascia lata and is continuous over the penis and scrotum?

A

The membranous (deep) layer of superficial fascia (Scarpa’s)

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14
Q

What layer does not follow the same pattern as the membranous layer of superficial fascia and is clinically important for holding sutures?

A

Deep fascia of the abdominal wall (investing fascia of the muscles)

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15
Q

Where is there a potential space in the layers of the abdomen? Clinically: this space could have an infection start in the abdomen from an incision and the fluids could travel to the penis and scrotum.

A

Between the membranous layer of the superficial fascia and the deep fascia of the external abdominal oblique muscle

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16
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

The abdominal midline where muscles from each side meet

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17
Q

What is the linea semilunaris?

A

Semilunar line= lateral border of the rectus abdominus muscle

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18
Q

What is the umbilicus?

A

Belly button

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19
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

A triagnular opening that forms the exit of the inguinal canal. Spermatic cord in men or the round ligament in women are housed in the inguinal canal

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20
Q

Define aponeurotic

A

Layers of flat broad tendons. When dissected, they are papery and peel off by sections

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21
Q

Define transpyloric plane

A

Transverse plane midway between the superior borders of the pubic symphysis and the manubrium

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22
Q

Define subcostal plane

A

Plane at the lowest level of the costal margin (the inferior margin of the tenth costal cartilage)

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23
Q

Define supracrestal plane

A

Plane passing through the summits of the iliac crests

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24
Define transtubercular plane
Plane at the level of the iliac tubercles (the iliac tubercle lies -5cm posterolateral to the anterior superior iliac spine)
25
Define interspinous plane
Plane at the level of the anterior superior iliac spine
26
What can the transpyloric plane locate?
The pylorus-the opening from the stomach into the small intestine
27
What planes divide the abdominal wall into regions?
Subcostal plane, Supracrestal plane, and midclavicular lines
28
From right to left name the superior regions of the abdominal wall
R hypochondriac region Epigastric region L hypochondria region
29
From right to left, name the mid-abdomen regions
``` R lateral (lumbar) region Umbilical region L Lateral (lumbar) region ```
30
From right to left, name the lower abdomen regions
R inguinal regions Pubic regions L inguinal region
31
What are the four quadrants?
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
32
What is in the center of the four quadrants?
periumbilical region
33
What quadrant is the liver, gallbladder, part of the duodenum and kidney located?
RUQ
34
What four pairs of muscles are located anteriorly and laterally collectively and compress and hold the abdominal organs in place?
External obliques Internal obliques Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis
35
The external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis and rectus abdominis work together to do what?
Flex and stabilize the vertebral column
36
When the external and internal obliques, transversus abdominis and rectus abdominis unilaterally contract, what do they do?
Laterally flex the vertebral column
37
What four pairs of muscles are located posteriorly and flex the spine and lower limb?
Iliacus psoas major psoas minor quadratus lumborum
38
What is the rectus sheath?
Three "flat" muscles of the anterior/lateral abdominal wall end anteriorly in a strong sheet of aponeurosis called the rectus sheath
39
What does the rectus sheath enclose?
The rectus abdominis
40
What is the midline of the rectus sheath?
Linea alba
41
How are the layers of fascia and aponeuroses of the muscles forming the rectus sheath arranged in the upper and lower abdominal wall?
They are arranged differently in the upper than they are in the lower. And the arcuate line is where the arrangment changes
42
Where is the arcuate line located?
About 1/2 way between umbilicus and pubic symphysis
43
What are the layers (anterior to posterior) of the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?
Skin Fatty layer of superficial fascia Membranous layer Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique fascia (2 layers) Aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique fascia (1 layer) Rectus abdominis muscle Aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique fascia (1layer) Aponeurosis of transversus abdominis (2 layers) Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal tissue Parietal peritoneum
44
What are the layers of the rectus sheath (anterior to posterior) below the arcuate line?
Skin Fatty layer of superficial fascia Membranous layer Aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique fascia (2 layers) Aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique fascia (2 layers) Aponeurosis of transversus abdominis (2 layers) Rectus abdominis muscle Transversalis fascia Extraperitoneal tissue Parietal peritoneum
45
Above the arcuate line, where does the rectus abdominis sit?
Sits between the two internal oblique aponeurosis layers
46
Below the arcuate line, where does the rectus abdominis muscle lie?
Directly on transversalis fascia
47
What forms the inguinal ligament?
The external obliques. The inguinal ligament is the lower edge of the external obliques
48
What makes the rectus abdominis stronger and not weak like a rubber band?
The tendinous intersections
49
Describe the deep system of arteries
1. Originate superiorly from the subclavian artery 2. Branches in the mid-abdomen are from the abdominal aorta 3. Originate inferiorly from the external iliac artery
50
Describe the superficial system of arteries
1. originate superiorly from perforating branches | 2. Originate inferiorly from branches of the femoral artery
51
What are the arteries of the deep system?
``` Musculophrenic aa. Superior epigastric Inferior epigastric Intercostal aa Subcostal aa Lumbar aa Deep circumflex iliac aa ```
52
What are the arteries of the superficial system?
``` Arteries that run in the superficial fascial layer are the: Superficial circumflex iliac artery Superficial epigastric artery External pudendal artery -Superficial branch -deep branch ```
53
Where does deep drainage within abdominal wall muscles along with arteries go to?
To subclavian vv to external iliac vv to lumbar and intercostal vv
54
What are superficial drainage veins?
Within camper's facia there are: thoracoepigastric vv lateral thoracic vv superficial epigastric vv
55
What do thoracoabdominal intercostal nn become?
Lateral cutaneous branches that emerge at anterior axillary region, bifurcate into anterior and posterior branches Anterior cutaneous branches end with medial and lateral branches
56
What are the sensory dermatome nerves in the anterior abdominal wall?
T7-L1 T7: xiphoid region (tip) T10: umbilical region L1: inguinal fold region
57
What nerves innervate the anterior abdominal muscles?
Intercostal nn T7-T11 subcostal nerve T12 Lumbar nn L1-L4
58
What are the anterior abdominal wall nerves?
Cutaneous branches of ventral rami, and intercostal nn Lie between internal abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis Pierce the rectus sheath to innervate the rectus abdominis muscles Angle inferiomedially
59
What do the anterior abdominal wall nerves supply?
Skin, muscles, and parietal peritoneum
60
What nerves are part of the lumbar plexus?
L1 and L2
61
What is the iliohypogastric n?
L1 (sometimes +T12) Lateral cutaneous branch Anterior cutaneous branch Supplies (supra) pubic region
62
What is the ilioinguinal n?
L1 Enters the inguinal canal and emerges through the superficial inguinal ring Supplies groin and scrotum/labium majus
63
What nerves make up the genitofemoral nerve?
L1 and L2
64
What are the branches of genitofemoral nerve?
Genital branch: exits the inguinal canal through the superficial inguinal ring; innervates the cremaster muscle or is cutaneous to the labium majus ``` Femoral branch(es) Cutaneous to the femoral triangle area ```
65
Where does the superficial lymphatic drainage drain?
Drains superiorly from umbilical region to anterior axillary and sternal nodes Drains inferiorly from umbilical region to superficial inguinal nodes
66
Where does the deep lymphatic drainage travel?
Along posterior intercostal and lumbar vessels to deep abdominal nodes From testes to deep abdominal nodes
67
What is a hernia?
Portion of the viscera protrudes through a weakened point of the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
68
When does a significant medical problem develop with a hernia?
If the herniated portion of the intestine swells, becoming trapped
69
What happens if the herniated portion of the intestine swells and becomes trapped? What type of hernia is this?
Blood flow to the trapped segment may diminish, causing that portion of the intestine to die Called a strangulated intestinal hernia - very painful and can be life threatening
70
What are the two types of hernia?
Inguinal hernias and femoral hernias
71
What is the most common type of hernia to require treatment?
Inguinal hernia
72
What is one of the weakest areas of the abdominal wall?
Inguinal region
73
Which sex is more likely to develop inguinal hernias?
Males
74
What causes inguinal hernia?
Rising pressure in the abdominal cavity provides the force to push a segment of the small intestine into the canal
75
What are the two types of inguinal hernia?
Direct inguinal hernia | Indirect inguinal hernia
76
What is direct inguinal hernia?
The loop of small intestine protrudes directly through the superficial inguinal ring, but not down the entire length of the inguinal canal, and creates a bulge in the lower anterior abdominal wall
77
What is indirect inguinal hernia?
Herniation travels down the entire inguinal canal and may even extend all the way into the scrotum
78
Which inguinal hernia will you see in an adult vs a child?
Direct in an adult and indirect in young males
79
What occurs more often with younger males and can be congenital, Passes lateral to inferior epigastric vessels to enter deep inguinal ring and follows path of spermatic cord?
Indirect inguinal hernias
80
What is usually acquired because of a weak spot and can happen in females too, passes medial to inferior epigastric vessels punching through peritoneum and transversalis fascia?
Direct inguinal hernias
81
What is femoral hernia?
Occurs in the upper thigh, just inferior to the inguinal ligament, originating in the femoral triangle
82
Why can femoral hernia occur?
Medial part of the femoral triangle is relatively weak and prone to stress injury, allowing a loop of small intestine to protrude
83
What sex more commonly develops femoral hernias?
Women because of the greater width of their femoral triangle
84
What is umbilical hernia?
A portion of intestine pushes through abdominal wall musculature in the periumbilical or umbilical region
85
Umbilical hernias are most common in what stage of human development?
Infants, but can occur in adults as well
86
What organs are part of the foregut and are supplied by what artery?
Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder, spleen, and pancreas Celiac trunk
87
What organs are part of the midgut? what supplies the midgut?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and appendix, ascending colon, 2/3 of transverse colon. Superior mesenteric artery
88
What organs are part of the hindgut and are supplied by what artery?
1/3 transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal Inferior mesenteric artery

Anatomy II Test I - Jourdan (10 decks)

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