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Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Name parts of the conducting zone

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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2
Q

Name parts of the transitional/ respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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3
Q

What is the diameter of the alveolar sacs?

A

0.3 mm

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4
Q

What is the diameter of the trachea?

A

15-22 mm

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5
Q

When would Va:Q = 0?

A

Right to left shunt

Blood passes through lung without coming into contact with alveolar air

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6
Q

When would Va:Q = infinity?

A

In the anatomical dead space/ ventilated alveoli that are not perfused

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7
Q

Which direction is the O2 sat curve shifted to in the Bohr shift?

A

Shifted to the R

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8
Q

What may cause the Bohr shift?

A

Inc in PCO2
Inc in [H+]
Inc in temp
Inc in 2,3-BPG (2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid) - binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin

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9
Q

PaO2 (arterial blood)

A

98mmHg/ 13kPa

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10
Q

PaCO2 (arterial blood)

A

40mmHg/ 5.3kPA

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11
Q

What can cause hypoventilation?

A

Diseases that inc the physiological dead space
Paralysis of reps muscles/ damaged chest wall
Dec tidal vol by CNS depression

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12
Q

What can cause hyperventilation?

A

Acute asthma attack
Stress
Altitude

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13
Q

Low V:Q ratio

A

High perfusion & low ventilation so to compensate vasoconstriction & bronchodilation occurs

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14
Q

How does COPD lead to R sided heart failure?

A

lower V:Q so low ventilation so vasoconstriction to direct the blood away from poorly ventilated areas of the lung so higher pressure in R ventricle, R hypertrophy = cor pulmonale (R sided heart failure)

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15
Q

Normal V:Q ratio

A

0.8

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16
Q

high V:Q at apex of lungs

A

both V and Q increase towards base but ventilation increases more rapidly

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17
Q

Muscles used in normal active and passive inspiration

A

active - diaphragm

passive - abdominal

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18
Q

Muscles used in normal active and passive expiration

A

active - abdominal and internal intercostals

passive - diaphragm

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19
Q

What produces surfactant?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells

20
Q

The 3 functions of surfactant

A
  1. Increases the compliance of the lung
  2. Increases stability of lung - reduces surface tension
  3. Decreases tendency to alveolar oedema
21
Q

Where is the intrapleural pressure most negative?

A

At apex of lungs

22
Q

What are the 2 reasons for a decrease in intrapleural pressure?

A

Fall in alveolar pressure

Volume of the lung increases

23
Q

Which part of respiratory tree has most resistance?

A

Medium sized airways

24
Q

Which adrenoreceptors are found in the lungs and what effect do they have?

A

Beta 2 adrenoreceptors

Relax smooth muscle of bronchi - dilate airways

25
Is expiratory flow dependent on effort and intrapleural pressure?
No
26
Anatomical dead space
Volume of air taken in that is not mixed with the air in the alveoli
27
Physiological dead space
Volume of air taken in that does not take part in gas exchange
28
PO2 in alveoli
100 mmHg
29
PCO2 in alveoli
40 mmHg
30
PO2 in tissue
= 40 mmHg
31
PCO2 in tissue
>/= 46 mmHg
32
Hypoventilation
PCO2 > 40 mmHg | PO2
33
Hyperventilation
PCO2 98 mmHg
34
Describe tidal volume and average values
Volume inspired or expired per breath | Male 600mL, Female 500mL
35
Describe inspiratory reserve volume and average values
Maximum inspiration at end of tidal inspiration | Male 3L, Female 1.9L
36
Describe functional residual capacity and average values
Volume in lungs after tidal expiration | Male 2.4L, Female 1.8L
37
Describe inspiratory capacity and average values
Maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration | Male 3.6L, Female 2.4L
38
Describe residual volume and average values
Volume in lungs after maximum expiration | Male 1.2L, Female 1L
39
Describe expiratory reserve volume and average values
Maximum expiration at end of tidal expiration | Male 1.2L, Female 800mL
40
Describe vital capacity
Maximum volume of air which can be exhaled or inspired during either a forced (FVC) or a slow (VC) manoeuvre
41
Describe total lung capacity and average values
Volume in lungs after maximal inspiration | Male 6L, Female 4.2L
42
Causes of hypoxaemia
Hypoventilation Diffusion limitation Shunt V:Q mismatch
43
How would you measure pulmonary blood pressure?
Pulmonary artery catheter | /Estimate using ECHO
44
What effect does increasing arterial or venous pressure have on pulmonary vascular resistance?
Reduces resistance (At low arterial/ venous pressures not all capillaries open so smaller total cross-sectional area, opening capillaries increases cross-sectional area reducing resistance)
45
What determines blood flow in the lungs, alveolar PO2 or arterial PO2?
Alveolar PO2

PCS 2 (8 decks)

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