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PCS 2 > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Name parts of the conducting zone

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

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2
Q

Name parts of the transitional/ respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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3
Q

What is the diameter of the alveolar sacs?

A

0.3 mm

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4
Q

What is the diameter of the trachea?

A

15-22 mm

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5
Q

When would Va:Q = 0?

A

Right to left shunt

Blood passes through lung without coming into contact with alveolar air

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6
Q

When would Va:Q = infinity?

A

In the anatomical dead space/ ventilated alveoli that are not perfused

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7
Q

Which direction is the O2 sat curve shifted to in the Bohr shift?

A

Shifted to the R

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8
Q

What may cause the Bohr shift?

A

Inc in PCO2
Inc in [H+]
Inc in temp
Inc in 2,3-BPG (2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid) - binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin

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9
Q

PaO2 (arterial blood)

A

98mmHg/ 13kPa

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10
Q

PaCO2 (arterial blood)

A

40mmHg/ 5.3kPA

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11
Q

What can cause hypoventilation?

A

Diseases that inc the physiological dead space
Paralysis of reps muscles/ damaged chest wall
Dec tidal vol by CNS depression

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12
Q

What can cause hyperventilation?

A

Acute asthma attack
Stress
Altitude

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13
Q

Low V:Q ratio

A

High perfusion & low ventilation so to compensate vasoconstriction & bronchodilation occurs

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14
Q

How does COPD lead to R sided heart failure?

A

lower V:Q so low ventilation so vasoconstriction to direct the blood away from poorly ventilated areas of the lung so higher pressure in R ventricle, R hypertrophy = cor pulmonale (R sided heart failure)

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15
Q

Normal V:Q ratio

A

0.8

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16
Q

high V:Q at apex of lungs

A

both V and Q increase towards base but ventilation increases more rapidly

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17
Q

Muscles used in normal active and passive inspiration

A

active - diaphragm

passive - abdominal

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18
Q

Muscles used in normal active and passive expiration

A

active - abdominal and internal intercostals

passive - diaphragm

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19
Q

What produces surfactant?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells

20
Q

The 3 functions of surfactant

A
  1. Increases the compliance of the lung
  2. Increases stability of lung - reduces surface tension
  3. Decreases tendency to alveolar oedema
21
Q

Where is the intrapleural pressure most negative?

A

At apex of lungs

22
Q

What are the 2 reasons for a decrease in intrapleural pressure?

A

Fall in alveolar pressure

Volume of the lung increases

23
Q

Which part of respiratory tree has most resistance?

A

Medium sized airways

24
Q

Which adrenoreceptors are found in the lungs and what effect do they have?

A

Beta 2 adrenoreceptors

Relax smooth muscle of bronchi - dilate airways

25
Q

Is expiratory flow dependent on effort and intrapleural pressure?

A

No

26
Q

Anatomical dead space

A

Volume of air taken in that is not mixed with the air in the alveoli

27
Q

Physiological dead space

A

Volume of air taken in that does not take part in gas exchange

28
Q

PO2 in alveoli

A

100 mmHg

29
Q

PCO2 in alveoli

A

40 mmHg

30
Q

PO2 in tissue

A

= 40 mmHg

31
Q

PCO2 in tissue

A

> /= 46 mmHg

32
Q

Hypoventilation

A

PCO2 > 40 mmHg

PO2

33
Q

Hyperventilation

A

PCO2 98 mmHg

34
Q

Describe tidal volume and average values

A

Volume inspired or expired per breath

Male 600mL, Female 500mL

35
Q

Describe inspiratory reserve volume and average values

A

Maximum inspiration at end of tidal inspiration

Male 3L, Female 1.9L

36
Q

Describe functional residual capacity and average values

A

Volume in lungs after tidal expiration

Male 2.4L, Female 1.8L

37
Q

Describe inspiratory capacity and average values

A

Maximum volume inspired following tidal expiration

Male 3.6L, Female 2.4L

38
Q

Describe residual volume and average values

A

Volume in lungs after maximum expiration

Male 1.2L, Female 1L

39
Q

Describe expiratory reserve volume and average values

A

Maximum expiration at end of tidal expiration

Male 1.2L, Female 800mL

40
Q

Describe vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air which can be exhaled or inspired during either a forced (FVC) or a slow (VC) manoeuvre

41
Q

Describe total lung capacity and average values

A

Volume in lungs after maximal inspiration

Male 6L, Female 4.2L

42
Q

Causes of hypoxaemia

A

Hypoventilation
Diffusion limitation
Shunt
V:Q mismatch

43
Q

How would you measure pulmonary blood pressure?

A

Pulmonary artery catheter

/Estimate using ECHO

44
Q

What effect does increasing arterial or venous pressure have on pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

Reduces resistance
(At low arterial/ venous pressures not all capillaries open so smaller total cross-sectional area, opening capillaries increases cross-sectional area reducing resistance)

45
Q

What determines blood flow in the lungs, alveolar PO2 or arterial PO2?

A

Alveolar PO2

PCS 2 (8 decks)

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