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CPR Exam 2 > Lung Volumes And Capacities > Flashcards

Lung Volumes And Capacities Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alveolar capillary unit?

A

The physiologic unit of the lung

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2
Q

What is tidal volume (VT)?

A

The amount of air inspired/expired in a single breath

Varies under circumstances (ex. During aerobic exercises)

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3
Q

What is normal resting tidal volume?

A

500mL

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4
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

Volume of air that cannot be forced out no matter how hard one tries
Cannot be determined by spirometry

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5
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Additional volume that can be inhaled greater than tidal volume
Gap between inspiration during TV and max inspiration

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6
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Additional volume that can be exhaled greater than tidal volume
Does not include RV

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7
Q

What does ERV require?

A

Activation of expiratory muscles (i.e. active respiration)

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8
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

Maximal volume to which lungs can be expanded with greatest effort
Cannot be measured by spirometry
IC + FRC = VC + RV = ERV + RV + IRV + VT

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9
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

Amount of air that remains in the lungs following a normal expiration
Cannot be determined by spirometry
ERV + RV

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10
Q

What is the function of FRC?

A

Helps prevent collapse of lungs, reduces workload, dilutes toxic inhaled gases

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11
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

Amount of air that can be maximally inspired following a maximal expiration
IRV + VT + ERV

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12
Q

What is VC influenced by?

A

Posture, ability of diaphragm to contract/relax, strength of respiratory muscles, thoracic wall expansibility, resistance to air flow, elasticity and disease

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13
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

Capacity of air that can be maximally inspired following a normal exhalation
VT + IRV

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14
Q

FVC (TLC and VC) are largely impacted by what?

A

Disease

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15
Q

What are factors that can change pulmonary volumes and capacities?

A

Body size, age, posture, sex, ethnicity, obesity and pulmonary disease

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16
Q

Which capacities and volumes increase with age?

A

FVC, FRC and RV

17
Q

Which capacity is reduced when supine?

A

FRC

18
Q

What does obesity cause?

A

A reduction in all static long volumes (except for TV) particularly expiratory reserve volume and FRC

19
Q

What are the main changes that occur when one ages?

A

TLC say similar
RV increases
VC goes down

20
Q

What are other changes that can occur with age?

A

ERV decreases but RV increases to a greater extent so FRC increases
IC decreases

21
Q

Both TLC and VC are greater in what position?

A

Seated (rather than supine)

22
Q

Which volume has equal quantities when either seated or supine?

A

RV

23
Q

Which other capacities are also greater when seated than when supine?

A

FRC and ERV

24
Q

IC is greater in which position?

A

Supine (slightly)

25
Q

What main changes occur with obesity?

A

Reduces TLC and VC
RV stays similar
Seated vs supine becomes very similar to one another

26
Q

What other changes occur with obesity?

A

ERV largely reduces, IC less largely impacted and FRC is lower

27
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of alveoli and capillaries
Obstructive lung disease characterized by limitations of airflow due to partial or complete obstruction
Hard to push air out often

28
Q

What changes occur with emphysema?

A

TLC and RV increases

VC decreases

29
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

A restrictive lung disease
Thickening of tissue between alveoli
Characterized by reduced expansion of lungs, hard to inflate or fill the lungs

30
Q

What changes occur with fibrosis?

A

RV, TC and VC decreased

31
Q

What are some techniques for measuring residual volume?

A

Helium (He) dilution, body plethysmography, nitrogen washout technique

32
Q

What is helium (He) dilution?

A

Inhalation of a known concentration of helium (C1; insoluble in blood) from a known volume (V1)
Change in concentration (C2) allows for determination of V2 = FRC which allows you to calculate RV

33
Q

What is body plethysmography?

A

Enclosed rigid box
Breath against shutter
Pressure in lungs change and pressure in box changes proportionally in opposite direction
Boyles Law (P1V1 = P2V2)

34
Q

What does nitrogen washout determine?

A

Dead space

35
Q

What is the nitrogen washout technique?

A

Individual breathes 100% oxygen through one way valve, all expired gas is collected and monitored until N2 reaches zero
Total volume of all gas expired is determined and multiplied by % of N2 in mixed expired air (usually 80%)

36
Q

What is the basic model for pulmonary dead space?

A

VT = VA (volume that participates in gas exchange; alveolar) + VD (does not participate in gas exchange)

37
Q

How much is anatomical dead space usually?

A

1 mL per lb in BW

CPR Exam 2 (18 decks)

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