Lung & Thorax Abnormal Findings Flashcards
equal anteroposterior-to-transverse ratio and ribs are horizontal instead of normal downward slope. associated with chronic emphysema and asthma as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs
barrel chest
markedly sunken sternum and adjacent cartilages. depression begins at second intercostal space, becoming depressed most at junction of xiphoid process with body of sternum. more noticeable on inspiration. congenital usually not symptomatic.
pectus excavatum
forward protrusion of the sternum, with ribs sloping back at either side, and vertical depressions along costochondral junctions. less common that pectus excavatum, this minor deformity necessitates no treatment. if severe surgery may be needed.
pectus carinatum
lateral s-shaped curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine, usually with involved vertebrae rotation. not unequal shoulder and scapular heights, unequal hip levels and rib interspaces flared on convex side. onset is more prevalent in adolescent groups.
scoliosis
an exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine that causes significant back pain and limited mobility. secere deformities impair cardiopulmonary function. if neck muscles are strong, pt compensates by hyperextension of head to maintain level vision
kyphosis (humpback)
normal respiration
12-20 breaths per minute
tachypnea
increased breathing
bradypnea
slow breathing
hyperventilation
increase in both rate and depth of breathing
hypoventilation
irregular shallow pattern caused by overdose of narcotics or anaesthetics
cheyne-stokes respiration
cycle in which respirations gradually wax and wane in a regular pattern, increasing in rate and depth and then decreasing
biot’s respiration
cycle in which respirations gradually wax and wane in an irregular pattern
chronic obstructive breathing
normal inspiration and prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway resistance
increased tactile fremitus
occurs with conditions that increase the density of lung tissue, thereby making a better conducting medium for vibrations
decreased tactile fremitus
occurs when anything obstructs transmission of vibrations
rhonchal fremitus
vibration felt when inhaled air passes through thick secretions in larger bronchi - may decrease a little after coughing
pleural friction fremitus
produced when inflammation of the parietal or visceral pleura causes a decrease in the normal lubricating fluid
discontinuous adventitious sounds
crackles, atelectatic crackles, pleural friction rub
continuous ling sounds
wheeze, stridor
collapsed shrunken section of alveoli or an antire lung as a result of an airway obstruction, compression on the lung, or lack of surfactant - no adventitious sounds heard if completely obstructed, fine crackles if bronchus is patent
atelectasis (collapse)
infection in lung parenchyma leaves alveolar membrane edematous and porous - crackles heard
lobal pneumonia
proliferation of mucuous glands in the passageways, resulting in excessive mucous secretion. inflammation of bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi by secretions or constrictions
bronchitis
what sounds are heard in a pt with bronchitis
crackles over deflated areas, wheezes may be present
caused by destruction of pulmonary connective tissue, characterized by permanent enlargement of air sacs distal to terminal bronchioles and rupture of interalveolar walls
emphysema
what adventitious sounds are heard in a pt with emphysema
usually none, occasionally wheeze
an allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, irritants, micro-organisms, stress or exercise that produces a complex response characterized by bronchospasm, inflammation, edema in walls of bronchioles, and secretion of highly viscous mucus in airways
asthma`
what adventitious sounds would you hear in a pt with asthma
bilateral wheezing on expiration, sometimes inspiratory wheezing
collection of excess fluid in the intrapleural space, with compression of overlying lung tissue
pleural effusion
pump failure with the increasing pressure of cardiac overload causes pulmonary congestion or an increased amount of blood present in pulmonary capillaries. dependent air sacs are are deflated, pulmonary capillaries engorged, bronchial mucosa may be swollen
heart failure
free air in pleural space causes partial or complete lung collapse. air in pleural space neutralizes the usual negative pressure present, usually unilateral
pneumothorax
