Lung & Thorax Abnormal Findings

Question 1

equal anteroposterior-to-transverse ratio and ribs are horizontal instead of normal downward slope. associated with chronic emphysema and asthma as a result of hyperinflation of the lungs

Answer 1

barrel chest

Question 2

markedly sunken sternum and adjacent cartilages. depression begins at second intercostal space, becoming depressed most at junction of xiphoid process with body of sternum. more noticeable on inspiration. congenital usually not symptomatic.

Answer 2

pectus excavatum

Question 3

forward protrusion of the sternum, with ribs sloping back at either side, and vertical depressions along costochondral junctions. less common that pectus excavatum, this minor deformity necessitates no treatment. if severe surgery may be needed.

Answer 3

pectus carinatum

Question 4

lateral s-shaped curvature of the thoracic and lumbar spine, usually with involved vertebrae rotation. not unequal shoulder and scapular heights, unequal hip levels and rib interspaces flared on convex side. onset is more prevalent in adolescent groups.

Answer 4

scoliosis

Question 5

an exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine that causes significant back pain and limited mobility. secere deformities impair cardiopulmonary function. if neck muscles are strong, pt compensates by hyperextension of head to maintain level vision

Answer 5

kyphosis (humpback)

Question 6

normal respiration

Answer 6

12-20 breaths per minute

Question 7

tachypnea

Answer 7

increased breathing

Question 8

bradypnea

Answer 8

slow breathing

Question 9

hyperventilation

Answer 9

increase in both rate and depth of breathing

Question 10

hypoventilation

Answer 10

irregular shallow pattern caused by overdose of narcotics or anaesthetics

Question 11

cheyne-stokes respiration

Answer 11

cycle in which respirations gradually wax and wane in a regular pattern, increasing in rate and depth and then decreasing

Question 12

biot’s respiration

Answer 12

cycle in which respirations gradually wax and wane in an irregular pattern

Question 13

chronic obstructive breathing

Answer 13

normal inspiration and prolonged expiration to overcome increased airway resistance

Question 14

increased tactile fremitus

Answer 14

occurs with conditions that increase the density of lung tissue, thereby making a better conducting medium for vibrations

Question 15

decreased tactile fremitus

Answer 15

occurs when anything obstructs transmission of vibrations

Question 16

rhonchal fremitus

Answer 16

vibration felt when inhaled air passes through thick secretions in larger bronchi - may decrease a little after coughing

Question 17

pleural friction fremitus

Answer 17

produced when inflammation of the parietal or visceral pleura causes a decrease in the normal lubricating fluid

Question 18

discontinuous adventitious sounds

Answer 18

crackles, atelectatic crackles, pleural friction rub

Question 19

continuous ling sounds

Answer 19

wheeze, stridor

Question 20

collapsed shrunken section of alveoli or an antire lung as a result of an airway obstruction, compression on the lung, or lack of surfactant - no adventitious sounds heard if completely obstructed, fine crackles if bronchus is patent

Answer 20

atelectasis (collapse)

Question 21

infection in lung parenchyma leaves alveolar membrane edematous and porous - crackles heard

Answer 21

lobal pneumonia

Question 22

proliferation of mucuous glands in the passageways, resulting in excessive mucous secretion. inflammation of bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi by secretions or constrictions

Answer 22

bronchitis

Question 23

what sounds are heard in a pt with bronchitis

Answer 23

crackles over deflated areas, wheezes may be present

Question 24

caused by destruction of pulmonary connective tissue, characterized by permanent enlargement of air sacs distal to terminal bronchioles and rupture of interalveolar walls

Answer 24

emphysema

Question 25

what adventitious sounds are heard in a pt with emphysema

Answer 25

usually none, occasionally wheeze

Question 26

an allergic hypersensitivity to certain inhaled allergens, irritants, micro-organisms, stress or exercise that produces a complex response characterized by bronchospasm, inflammation, edema in walls of bronchioles, and secretion of highly viscous mucus in airways

Answer 26

asthma`

Question 27

what adventitious sounds would you hear in a pt with asthma

Answer 27

bilateral wheezing on expiration, sometimes inspiratory wheezing

Question 28

collection of excess fluid in the intrapleural space, with compression of overlying lung tissue

Answer 28

pleural effusion

Question 29

pump failure with the increasing pressure of cardiac overload causes pulmonary congestion or an increased amount of blood present in pulmonary capillaries. dependent air sacs are are deflated, pulmonary capillaries engorged, bronchial mucosa may be swollen

Answer 29

heart failure

Question 30

free air in pleural space causes partial or complete lung collapse. air in pleural space neutralizes the usual negative pressure present, usually unilateral

Answer 30

pneumothorax