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Stuff I should know. Maybe. > Lung diseases > Flashcards

Lung diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Basic patho of asthma

A

Asthma means panting.
It is chronic inflammation of airways
It causes smooth muscle spasm and increased mucus secretion

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2
Q

What triggers an asthma attack?

A

Something in the environment that causes immune cells to generate inflammation in the lung causing airways to narrow

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3
Q

Anatomy of lungs starting from trachea down

A

Trachea, right and left bronchi, bronchioles, lumen

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4
Q

Cell layers of the bronchioles (lumen)

A

Mucosa –> made up of epithelial cells and lamina propria

Sub mucosa made up of smooth muscle.

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5
Q

Molecular pathway of asthma pt 1 up to dendritic cell presentation

A 
Env trigger (allergens like cig smoke)
Allergens picked up by dendritic cells and presented to Th2 cells
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6
Q

Molecular pathway of asthma pt 2 after dendritic cell presentation

A

Th2 cells create IL5 IL 4

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7
Q

Molecular pathway of asthma pt 3 after th2 makes IL 4

A

IL 4 causes IgE antibodies to coast mast cells and release granuales like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandin

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8
Q

Molecular pathway of asthma pt 4 after th2 makes IL 5

A

IL 5 activates eosinophils that cause release of more cytokines and leukotrienes

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis

A

RSV

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10
Q

How does the rsv virus cause bronchiolitis

A

it causes cells lining the respiratory tract to merge and form a large multi nucleated cell (syncytia)

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11
Q

How is RSV transmitted

A

droplets (cough or sneeze)

The virus can also survive on surfaces for a few hours

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12
Q

What causes fluid build up in bronchiolitis and swelling

A

NK cells release chemokines that causes epithelial cells release more mucuous and causes blood vessels to be more leaky.
Extra fluid in walls of airway causes it to become thicker and more narrow

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13
Q

Why is there atelectasis in bronchiolitis

A

Mucus plugs can develop trapping air. Air then diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood

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14
Q

What can RSV lead to if there is air trapping and atelectasis

A

hypoxemia because lungs cant bring in oxygen or expel co2

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15
Q

What are less common causes of bronchiolitis

A

adeno virus, human bocavirus, human metapenumo virus

mycoplasma pneumonia

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16
Q

Initial signs and symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

congestion
sore throat
cough
runny nose

17
Q

Severe signs of bronchiolitis

A 
difficulty breathing
wheezing
fever
hypoxia
tachycardia
tachypnea
18
Q

bronchiolitis dx

A

clinical. based on signs and symptoms

19
Q

bronchiolitis tx

A

fluids to prevent dehydration

supplemental oxygen

20
Q

what vaccine to give for bronchiolitis in high risk pts

A

Palivizumab

21
Q

what is pnumonia (basic)

A

infection in the lungs caused by microbes that results in air sacs being filled with fluid

22
Q

Common viral cause of pnx

A

influenza

23
Q

common bacterial causes of pnx

A

strep pneumo
haemophilus influenzae
staphylococcus aureus

24
Q

Less common bacterial causes of pnx

A

mycoplasma pneuomniae
chlamydophila pneuomniae
legionella pneumohila

25
Q

What is bronchopneumonia

A

pnx that occurs throughtout the lungs (bronchioles “ alveoli)

26
Q

what is atypical pnx

A

Infection is outside alveoli in the interstitium

27
Q

What is lobar pnx

A

Consolidation (fluid filled) of a whole lobe of the lung

28
Q

What is the first stage of pnx and what days does it occur

A

congestion days 1 & 2

Blood vessels and alveoli fill with excess fluid

29
Q

What is the second stage of pnx and what days does it occur

A

red hepatization
days 3 &4
exudate (rbc, neutrophils & fibrin) fill airspaces and make them more solid

30
Q

What is the third stage of pnx and what days does it occur

A

gray hepatization
days 5 to 7
Lungs are firm but rbc in exudate start to break down

31
Q

What is the fourth/last stage of pnx and what days does it occur

A

resolution day 8 to 3 weeks

exudate digested, coughed up, or broken down my enzumes

32
Q

Symptoms of pnx

A

dyspnea
chest pain
productive cough
Fatigue & fever

33
Q

Pnx diagnosis

A 
Working hard to breathe
Breathing quickly
Chest xray
Dullness to percussion
Tactile vocal fremitus
Late inspiratory crackles
34
Q

Pnx treatment

A

antibiotics
Cough suppressants
Pain meds

Stuff I should know. Maybe. (20 decks)

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