Lung Defenses Flashcards
name 3 anatomic host defenses
upper airway (nose), epiglottis, epithelial tight junctions
example of defect in upper airway defense
endotracheal tube
example of defect in epiglottis/larynx
esophageal reflux/aspiration
example of defect in epithelial tight junctions
acid aspiration
what is the primary mechanical lung defense?
mucociliary and cough clearance
give two examples of how mucociliary and cough clearance can go wrong
PCD, CF
of PCD and CF, which one does not impair cough clearance?
PCD
purpose of nasal turbinates
warm/humidify, set up turbulent airflow so that particles deposit along upper airway rather than entering lungs
a defect in which type of cilia causes Fifth’s disease
non-motile cilia (primary/sensory)
what stimulates cilia
neurohumoral and mechanical stimulation
a defect in embryonic nodal cilia can cause?
sinus inversus totalis or heterotaxy
thoraco-abdominal asymmetry (heterotaxy) is associated with what other condition?
congenital heart disease (so they miss the PCD)
name proximal immune defenses (bronchus, submucosal glands)?
IgA, defensins (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
IgA deficiency is likely a marker of deficiencies of?
IgG-2/4
which is more likely to cause chronic respiratory infection: IgA or IgG deficiency
IgG
name secondary defense mechanism throughout the lungs
neutrophils
name distal immune defenses (near alveoli)
alveolar macrophages, IgG
how are macrophages activated?
through T cell recognition and lymphokine recruitment/activation of macrophage
how does the body defend against neutrophil elastase?
alpha1-antitrypsin (anti-protease)
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency results in?
emphysema
predictors of lung function in CF
genetic mutations and environment (50% genetic contribution)
what do regulatory domains in CF tell us?
help us understand why the disease is mild or severe
the importance of individual components of lung defense is recognized by?
in vivo mutational analysis
