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Respiratory > Breathing > Flashcards

Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

what triggers breathing?

A

chest wall movement/pulm stretch (immediate feeback to the brain)

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2
Q

what are other triggers that are less immediate?

A

need for oxygen, need to excrete CO2, balance pH

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3
Q

name 4 factors that can change in respiration

A

amplitude, frequency (rate), phase, rhythmicity

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4
Q

what organ ultimately determines breathing?

A

BRAIN (initiated in the brainstem)

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5
Q

the brainstem initiates inspiration, while the _____ tells you to stop breathing in

A

dorsal pontine resp group

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6
Q

the breathing problem depends upon?

A

the location of the lesion

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7
Q

how is breathing different during sleep?

A

slower rate, sleep state-dependent resp pattern, sleep stage-dependent responses to stimuli

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8
Q

lesions in the top part of the brain and/or the heart cause?

A

cheyne stokes breathing pattern

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9
Q

lesions in the right midbrain/upper pons cause?

A

tachypnea

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10
Q

lesions in the middle of the pons cause?

A

apneustic breathing, which is breathing to the extremes due to trouble stopping

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11
Q

lesions in the medulla cause?

A

clustered breathing due to trouble initiating breath

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12
Q

lesions in the lower medulla cause?

A

ataxic (irregular) breathing

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13
Q

which stage shows spindles and K complexes?

A

stage N2

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14
Q

what occurs durings REM sleep?

A

rapid eye movements, paralysis, and a low amplitude but fast EEG (brain waves)

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15
Q

breathing interval is greatest during?

A

stage N2 and REM sleep

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16
Q

minute ventilation is lowest in?

A

phasic REM

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17
Q

minute ventilation is highest in?

A

tonic REM

18
Q

response to O2 saturation _____ as you go further into sleep

A

decreases, with REM being significantly less responsive to decreased oxygen than any other stage

19
Q

respiratory muscle control (tone) ____ as you go further into sleep

A

decreases, with REM showing almost complete atonia (except diaphragm and EOM)

20
Q

during which phase do you have irregular breathing with occasional central apneas?

A

phasic REM

21
Q

which stages show periodic breathing?

A

stage 1 and 2

22
Q

which stage shows the most stable breathing pattern?

A

stage N3

23
Q

name 3 sleep related breathing disorders

A

sleep apnea, cheyne-stokes, hypoventilation

24
Q

major difference between obstructive and central sleep apnea is that?

A

obstructive there is no problem with the brain (upper airway relaxation only)

25
Q

who is most likely to get OSA?

A

adult males

26
Q

OSA usually presents in the ___ decade

A

4th

27
Q

definition of hyponea

A

30% decrease + 4% desat OR 50% decrease + 3% desat OR HR change >10s

28
Q

apnea hyponea index

A

Apnea + Hyponea/time

29
Q

a normal AHI for adults is ___ and for kids is ____

A

0-5; 0

30
Q

a mild AHI for adults is ____ and for kids is ____

A

5-15; 1-5

31
Q

a moderate AHI for adults is ____ and for kids is ____

A

15-30; 5-10

32
Q

why is sleep apnea a problem?

A

severe risk for vascular disease

33
Q

how to screen for sleep apnea

A

STOP-BANG Questionnaire

34
Q

best investigatory tool for sleep apnea

A

nasal pressure

35
Q

OSA tx

A

oral device –> CPAP –> surgery

36
Q

central sleep apnea is a problem with ___ of breath due to a lesion in the ____ or use of ____

A

initiation; medulla/pons; narcotics

37
Q

causes of central sleep apnea

A

loss of resp drive, high gain loop, low gain loop, high apnea threshold

38
Q

CSA treatment

A

CPAP, BiPAP, resp stimulants to change set point, oxygen

39
Q

cheyne stokes causes?

A

hyperventilation, crescendo-decrescendo breathing

40
Q

cheyne stokes is caused by?

A

a temporal delay between when the brain needs oxygen and when it gets it

Respiratory (15 decks)

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