Breathing Flashcards
what triggers breathing?
chest wall movement/pulm stretch (immediate feeback to the brain)
what are other triggers that are less immediate?
need for oxygen, need to excrete CO2, balance pH
name 4 factors that can change in respiration
amplitude, frequency (rate), phase, rhythmicity
what organ ultimately determines breathing?
BRAIN (initiated in the brainstem)
the brainstem initiates inspiration, while the _____ tells you to stop breathing in
dorsal pontine resp group
the breathing problem depends upon?
the location of the lesion
how is breathing different during sleep?
slower rate, sleep state-dependent resp pattern, sleep stage-dependent responses to stimuli
lesions in the top part of the brain and/or the heart cause?
cheyne stokes breathing pattern
lesions in the right midbrain/upper pons cause?
tachypnea
lesions in the middle of the pons cause?
apneustic breathing, which is breathing to the extremes due to trouble stopping
lesions in the medulla cause?
clustered breathing due to trouble initiating breath
lesions in the lower medulla cause?
ataxic (irregular) breathing
which stage shows spindles and K complexes?
stage N2
what occurs durings REM sleep?
rapid eye movements, paralysis, and a low amplitude but fast EEG (brain waves)
breathing interval is greatest during?
stage N2 and REM sleep
minute ventilation is lowest in?
phasic REM
minute ventilation is highest in?
tonic REM
response to O2 saturation _____ as you go further into sleep
decreases, with REM being significantly less responsive to decreased oxygen than any other stage
respiratory muscle control (tone) ____ as you go further into sleep
decreases, with REM showing almost complete atonia (except diaphragm and EOM)
during which phase do you have irregular breathing with occasional central apneas?
phasic REM
which stages show periodic breathing?
stage 1 and 2
which stage shows the most stable breathing pattern?
stage N3
name 3 sleep related breathing disorders
sleep apnea, cheyne-stokes, hypoventilation
major difference between obstructive and central sleep apnea is that?
obstructive there is no problem with the brain (upper airway relaxation only)
