Lung Cancer Flashcards
What is most likely to metastasize early (small or non-small)
Small cell lung cancer
What is the standard of care (technique) of radiation treatments for lung cancer
3DCRT or IMRT
Where does the upper respiratory system begin
At the nose
Where is the level of the carina
T4-T5
Which is more distal (alveoli, bronchioles, bronchus)
Alveoli
Where does EXTERNAL respiration begin
At the level of the alveoli
What is the name of the area where blood, lymphatics and nerves enter and exit within the lung
Hilum
T/F
Lung lymphatics follows a predictable drainage pattern
False
What is the primary diagnostic tool for lung cancer
Chest X-ray
What procedure has been increasing in recent years to help determine the extent of lung disease, specifically nodal involvement
PET-CT
Most lung cancers in the US is…(small or non small cell)
Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
What lung cancer is always cause by smoking (small or non small)
Small cell (SCLC)
T/F
All tumors of the apex of the lung are pan coast tumors
False
T/F
SCLC has a worse prognosis than NSCLC
True
What is the treatment of choice for early stage lung cancer
Surgery
What is the margin for tumors causing SVC syndrome
Tumor+3cm
What are the organ of interest when treating lung cancer
Spinal cord
Heart
Lung
What are the prognostic indicators for lung cancer
Stage: the extent of the disease
Karnofsky score
Weight loss: >5% over 3 months
Those with a <70 KPS, >5% weigh loss or advance INTRA-thoracic disease rarely survive longer than ______
2years
Mesothelioma occurs primarily in _____
Men
Respiratory system is consisted of …
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Both lungs
The lower respiratory system is consisted of …
Trachea and lungs
The walls of the trachea is made up of…
Rings of cartilage
Smooth muscles
Connective tissue
______ cells lines the trachea
Epithelial cells
The trachea begins and ends where
Begins at the inferior border of the larynx and ends at T4-T5 where is bifurcate (carina)
Thee lungs are encased in a ____
Visceral pleura
Respiratory units consist of
Bronchioli
Aveolar ducts
Alveoli
What is the mediastinum
Anatomy between the lungs. It includes:
Heart, thymus and great vessels
What determines the lymphatic flow within the lungs
Lung and blood pressure
What is the major route of spread for lung cancer
Lymphatics (mainly)
Blood vessels
Direct extension
What are the lymph nodes found within the lungs
Peri bronchial
Inter lobar
Hilar
Segmental
What are the lymph nodes found in the superior mediastinum
Superior mediastinum Pre tracheal Retro tracheal Upper Paratracheal and lower paratracheal Azygos
What are the lymph nodes found in the inferior mediastinum
Cardinal
Subcarina
Paraesophageal
Pulmonary ligament
When treating with XRT, fields are designed to include….
Tumor, draining blood and lymphatics
Symptoms include:
Cough Pain Dyspnea Dysphasia Hoarseness Hemoptysis
What are pan coast tumors
Tumors in the superior sulcus Associated with Horner syndrome Bone erosion of ribs and sometimes vertebrae Pain around shoulder and arms Atrophy of hand muscles
What are the signs of Horner’s syndrome
Miosis (contracted pupils)
Ptosis (eye drooping)
Enophthalmos
Anhydrosis (loss of sweating on one side)
