Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Therapy Prin & Procedure > Ch.1 : Cancer Overview > Flashcards

Ch.1 : Cancer Overview Flashcards

1
Q

The organization provides radiation oncologists with guidelines for treating specific cancer. What’s the organization

A

National comprehensive cancer network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stem cells that are developing into mature cells with higher level functions is known as ?

A

Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cancer is a disease of?

A

Disease of the genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

These result from DNA mutations such as point mutation and translocation.

A

Oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the only known cause of cancer?

A

Radiation exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most sensitive phase of the cell cycle?

A

G2-M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tumors typically grow _____ at first and then _____ after time.

A

Rapidly; slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This term means tissue death.

A

Necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells that do NOT resemble their site of origin are describe as?

A

Poorly or undifferentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is typically not true of malignant tumors?

  1. They’re well differentiated
  2. They metastasize
  3. Can cause death
  4. Not usually encapsulated
A

They are usually well differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumors of mesenchymal cells are known as?

A

Sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tumors tat develop from epithelial cells are known as ?

A

Carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tumors of glandular origin are known as?

A

Adenocarcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The most common cancer in men is?

A

Prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The most common cancer in women is?

A

Lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The deadliest cancer in men is?

A

Lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The deadliest cancer in women is?

A

Lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The study of the cause of a disease is?

A

Etiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epidemiology is the study of?

A

The study of new disease in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Incidence is define as ?

A

New disease In a population over a certain period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F

Ovarian cancer is curable if caught early?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

After diagnosis, this is done to determine the overall health status of a patient. What is it?

A

Work up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In general, the type of work up done on a patient depends on the _____ and the _____.

A

Type of cancer; and stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following define the size of the extent of a tumor in the TNM staging system?

A

“T”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which of the following describes a tumor’s aggressiveness?

T, N, M or G?

A

“G” determines the tumors aggressiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which cancer is not using TNM?

A

Brain cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who usually sees the patient the most during the course of radiation therapy?

A

Radiation therapist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fine needle aspiration, compared to core needle biopsy is?

A

less painful and less accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Removal of the tumor plus microscopic disease is known as?

A

Excisional biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a systemic treatment?

A

Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The use of radioactive sources placed close to or inside of a tumor is known as ?

A

Brachytherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

This is the most common method of delivering chemotherapy

A

Intravenous (IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The estimated life expectancy based on the stage of the tumors, the type of tumor and patient related factor is called what?

A

The prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the different ways tumor can spread?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymphatic (lymph node)
  3. Direct extension ( to near by organs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What test is order on a patient with suspected metastatic prostate cancer?

A

A bone scan. Prostate cancer primary metastasize to bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who began the classification of tumors by observations?

A

Hippocrates

37
Q

What are the 3 terms involved in cancer process?

A

Proto-oncogenes ,
Oncogenes ,
Anti- oncogenes

38
Q

When does cell differentiation occur?

A

Cell differentiation occurs when a cell undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells.

39
Q

Cancer is a disease of what dysfunction?

A

Cancer is a disease of cellular dysfunction (abnormal cellular proliferation)

40
Q

Normal somatic cell contain genes that promotes _____ and genes that ______________. What are these genes? (3)

A

Growth and suppress growth.
Proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
Anti-oncogenes

41
Q

What are proto-oncogenes ?

A

Normal genes that control normal growth and differentiation.

42
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes that regulate development and growth of cancerous tissues

43
Q

What are anti-oncogenes?

A

These genes tell the cells to stop multiplying.

44
Q

_______ can also be proto-oncogenes

A

Anti-oncogenes

45
Q

_______ are also known as tumor suppressor genes,

A

Anti-oncogenes

46
Q

Inactivation of _________ allows malignant process to flourish

A

Anti-oncogenes

47
Q

_______ are precursors of oncogenes

A

Proto-oncogenes

48
Q

_______ are also known as cancer genes

A

Oncogenes

49
Q

Which gene is responsible for abnormal proliferation of cells?

A

Oncogenes

50
Q

What 3 factors transform a proto-oncogenes into an oncogene which will cause unrestricted cellular growth?

A

DNA mutations, amplification and/or translocation

51
Q

Causes of mutations include carcinogens like?

A

Smoking, sunlight, asbestos , poor diet, high level of estrogen, chemo exposure, etc.

52
Q

What is familial?

A

Mutations passed to offsprings

53
Q

Cell cycle consist of 5 phases. What are they?

A

G0, G1, S, G2/M

54
Q

Mammalian cells proliferate through the process of _____?

A

Mitosis

55
Q

Which phase is done OUTSIDE the cell and the cells are NOT preparing for DNA replication ?

A

G0

56
Q

_____ phase is characterized by rapid growth and active metabolism. During this phase, RNA and protein is synthesize to carry out cellular function

A

G1

57
Q

During ____ phase, DNA is replicated.

A

S phase (synthesis of DNA)

58
Q

During _____ phase, cells prepares for actual division and the cells contains center spindles

A

G2

59
Q

Aka mitotic phase

A

M-phase

60
Q

The Gomertzian growth curve describes?

A

This growth curves shows that tumor growth is exponential and that while tumors enlarge and out grow the blood and nutrient supply, the rare of cell replication is more closely equal the rate of cell death

61
Q

While tumors grow larger, the blood, O2 and nutrient is inadequate , creating areas of ______.

A

Areas of necrosis (tissue death)

62
Q

Well differentiated tumors ______ (closely/doesn’t) resemble cell of origin

A

Closely

63
Q

T/F
Undifferentiated/anaplastic/ poorly differentiated cells are harder to classify because it does not resemble normal cells. It has more primitive appearance.

A

True

64
Q

______ tumors arise from epithelial cells that are glandular

A

Adencarcinomas

65
Q

What 3 cancer is most common in women

A

Breast, lung , colorectal

66
Q

What 3 cancer is most common in men

A

Prostate, lung, colorectal

67
Q

Which cancer Is the most preventable and have shown a decrease over the years?

A

Lung cancer. The preventive is smoking

68
Q

Which cancer is NOT screened due to its rareness ?

A

Brain cancer

69
Q

Which group of men is prostate more commonly seen in?

A

African American

70
Q

Which cancer presents vague symptoms which then can lead to misdiagnosis ?

A

Ovarian cancer: symptoms of bloating, abdominal discomfort and upset stomach

71
Q

For screening to be useful, it should be ______, _______, and ______.

A

Sensitive, specific, cost effective and accurate

72
Q

______ is a series of diagnostic exams that occurs AFTER a tumor is detected. It’s purpose is to determine general health status of pt., and collect info of tumor

A

Work up

73
Q

*****Which prostate cancer commonly spreads to?

A

Bone

74
Q

T/F

Early stage work up is different from later stage work up

A

True

75
Q

Sensitive screening

A

True positive

76
Q

Specificity screening

A

True negative

77
Q

Which quadrant of the Breast is the most common site for tumor development?

A

Upper outer quadrant

78
Q

Staging of cancer also includes prefixes to indicate how staging was perform. What are those 2 prefixes and what do they mean?

A

“C” : clinically (estimate to MD best knowledge)

“P” : pathologically/ surgical (Most accurate)

79
Q

What is a tumor board?

A

A team of specialist that work together to review info and devise treatment plan

80
Q

What is the most accurate way to determine malignancy?

A

Biopsy

81
Q

What is FNA and its disadvantage?

A

Fine needle aspiration. It’s a smaller needle for biopsy but it’s also LESS accurate

82
Q

What’s incisional biopsy

A

Sample of tumor is removed but NOT its entirety

83
Q

What’s excision all biopsy

A

Attempt to remove tumor entirely with any possible local spreading

84
Q

T/F

Brachytherapy Treats with higher dose to a small region but at shorter distances

A

True

85
Q

Methods of chemotherapy administration

A

Orally
Intravenous (IV)
Intracavity
Intra-arterial

86
Q

What are radiosensitizer

A

Help increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy (ex. Doxorubicin)

87
Q

What are radio-protectors

A

Help protect normal cells from radiation (ex. Amifostine)

88
Q

The TNM system was adopted by which 2 organizations?

A

(UICC) international Union against cancer

(AJCC) American joint committee on cancer

Therapy Prin & Procedure (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions