Ch.1 : Cancer Overview Flashcards
The organization provides radiation oncologists with guidelines for treating specific cancer. What’s the organization
National comprehensive cancer network
Stem cells that are developing into mature cells with higher level functions is known as ?
Differentiation
Cancer is a disease of?
Disease of the genes
These result from DNA mutations such as point mutation and translocation.
Oncogenes
What is the only known cause of cancer?
Radiation exposure
What is the most sensitive phase of the cell cycle?
G2-M
Tumors typically grow _____ at first and then _____ after time.
Rapidly; slowly
This term means tissue death.
Necrosis
Cells that do NOT resemble their site of origin are describe as?
Poorly or undifferentiated
What is typically not true of malignant tumors?
- They’re well differentiated
- They metastasize
- Can cause death
- Not usually encapsulated
They are usually well differentiated
Tumors of mesenchymal cells are known as?
Sarcomas
Tumors tat develop from epithelial cells are known as ?
Carcinomas
Tumors of glandular origin are known as?
Adenocarcinomas
The most common cancer in men is?
Prostate cancer
The most common cancer in women is?
Lung cancer
The deadliest cancer in men is?
Lung cancer
The deadliest cancer in women is?
Lung cancer
The study of the cause of a disease is?
Etiology
Epidemiology is the study of?
The study of new disease in a population
Incidence is define as ?
New disease In a population over a certain period of time
T/F
Ovarian cancer is curable if caught early?
True
After diagnosis, this is done to determine the overall health status of a patient. What is it?
Work up
In general, the type of work up done on a patient depends on the _____ and the _____.
Type of cancer; and stage
Which of the following define the size of the extent of a tumor in the TNM staging system?
“T”
Which of the following describes a tumor’s aggressiveness?
T, N, M or G?
“G” determines the tumors aggressiveness
Which cancer is not using TNM?
Brain cancer
Who usually sees the patient the most during the course of radiation therapy?
Radiation therapist
Fine needle aspiration, compared to core needle biopsy is?
less painful and less accurate
Removal of the tumor plus microscopic disease is known as?
Excisional biopsy
What is a systemic treatment?
Chemotherapy
The use of radioactive sources placed close to or inside of a tumor is known as ?
Brachytherapy
This is the most common method of delivering chemotherapy
Intravenous (IV)
The estimated life expectancy based on the stage of the tumors, the type of tumor and patient related factor is called what?
The prognosis
What are the different ways tumor can spread?
- Blood
- Lymphatic (lymph node)
- Direct extension ( to near by organs)
What test is order on a patient with suspected metastatic prostate cancer?
A bone scan. Prostate cancer primary metastasize to bone.
Who began the classification of tumors by observations?
Hippocrates
What are the 3 terms involved in cancer process?
Proto-oncogenes ,
Oncogenes ,
Anti- oncogenes
When does cell differentiation occur?
Cell differentiation occurs when a cell undergoes mitosis and divides into daughter cells.
Cancer is a disease of what dysfunction?
Cancer is a disease of cellular dysfunction (abnormal cellular proliferation)
Normal somatic cell contain genes that promotes _____ and genes that ______________. What are these genes? (3)
Growth and suppress growth.
Proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
Anti-oncogenes
What are proto-oncogenes ?
Normal genes that control normal growth and differentiation.
What are oncogenes?
Genes that regulate development and growth of cancerous tissues
What are anti-oncogenes?
These genes tell the cells to stop multiplying.
_______ can also be proto-oncogenes
Anti-oncogenes
_______ are also known as tumor suppressor genes,
Anti-oncogenes
Inactivation of _________ allows malignant process to flourish
Anti-oncogenes
_______ are precursors of oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes
_______ are also known as cancer genes
Oncogenes
Which gene is responsible for abnormal proliferation of cells?
Oncogenes
What 3 factors transform a proto-oncogenes into an oncogene which will cause unrestricted cellular growth?
DNA mutations, amplification and/or translocation
Causes of mutations include carcinogens like?
Smoking, sunlight, asbestos , poor diet, high level of estrogen, chemo exposure, etc.
What is familial?
Mutations passed to offsprings
Cell cycle consist of 5 phases. What are they?
G0, G1, S, G2/M
Mammalian cells proliferate through the process of _____?
Mitosis
Which phase is done OUTSIDE the cell and the cells are NOT preparing for DNA replication ?
G0
_____ phase is characterized by rapid growth and active metabolism. During this phase, RNA and protein is synthesize to carry out cellular function
G1
During ____ phase, DNA is replicated.
S phase (synthesis of DNA)
During _____ phase, cells prepares for actual division and the cells contains center spindles
G2
Aka mitotic phase
M-phase
The Gomertzian growth curve describes?
This growth curves shows that tumor growth is exponential and that while tumors enlarge and out grow the blood and nutrient supply, the rare of cell replication is more closely equal the rate of cell death
While tumors grow larger, the blood, O2 and nutrient is inadequate , creating areas of ______.
Areas of necrosis (tissue death)
Well differentiated tumors ______ (closely/doesn’t) resemble cell of origin
Closely
T/F
Undifferentiated/anaplastic/ poorly differentiated cells are harder to classify because it does not resemble normal cells. It has more primitive appearance.
True
______ tumors arise from epithelial cells that are glandular
Adencarcinomas
What 3 cancer is most common in women
Breast, lung , colorectal
What 3 cancer is most common in men
Prostate, lung, colorectal
Which cancer Is the most preventable and have shown a decrease over the years?
Lung cancer. The preventive is smoking
Which cancer is NOT screened due to its rareness ?
Brain cancer
Which group of men is prostate more commonly seen in?
African American
Which cancer presents vague symptoms which then can lead to misdiagnosis ?
Ovarian cancer: symptoms of bloating, abdominal discomfort and upset stomach
For screening to be useful, it should be ______, _______, and ______.
Sensitive, specific, cost effective and accurate
______ is a series of diagnostic exams that occurs AFTER a tumor is detected. It’s purpose is to determine general health status of pt., and collect info of tumor
Work up
*****Which prostate cancer commonly spreads to?
Bone
T/F
Early stage work up is different from later stage work up
True
Sensitive screening
True positive
Specificity screening
True negative
Which quadrant of the Breast is the most common site for tumor development?
Upper outer quadrant
Staging of cancer also includes prefixes to indicate how staging was perform. What are those 2 prefixes and what do they mean?
“C” : clinically (estimate to MD best knowledge)
“P” : pathologically/ surgical (Most accurate)
What is a tumor board?
A team of specialist that work together to review info and devise treatment plan
What is the most accurate way to determine malignancy?
Biopsy
What is FNA and its disadvantage?
Fine needle aspiration. It’s a smaller needle for biopsy but it’s also LESS accurate
What’s incisional biopsy
Sample of tumor is removed but NOT its entirety
What’s excision all biopsy
Attempt to remove tumor entirely with any possible local spreading
T/F
Brachytherapy Treats with higher dose to a small region but at shorter distances
True
Methods of chemotherapy administration
Orally
Intravenous (IV)
Intracavity
Intra-arterial
What are radiosensitizer
Help increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy (ex. Doxorubicin)
What are radio-protectors
Help protect normal cells from radiation (ex. Amifostine)
The TNM system was adopted by which 2 organizations?
(UICC) international Union against cancer
(AJCC) American joint committee on cancer
