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Therapy Prin & Procedure > Ch.5: Detection And Diagnosis > Flashcards

Ch.5: Detection And Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

Which cancer has high survival rate?

A

Prostate cancer

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2
Q

Which cancer has poor survival rate?

A

Brain primary tumor cancer

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3
Q

Which two specialty has cancer diagnosis has increasingly relied on?

A

Radiology and pathology

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4
Q

Which specialty is the PRIMARY METHOD to FIND a disease/

A

Radiology

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5
Q

Which specialty is the only method that we can DEFINIIVELY KNOW if a patient ha cancer?

A

Pathology: looking at the cells directly

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6
Q

T/F

Survival rate vary based on the cancer type?

A

True

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7
Q

T/F

Careful observations of signs and symptoms increase the early detection which will then give better outcome?

A

True

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8
Q

Examples of deadly cancer

A

Pancreatic: due to its near location to other organs, it is easily spreadable

Ovarian: curable if caught early

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9
Q

What is an important tool in maintaining good healt and detection an diagnosis?

A

Routine physical

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10
Q

According to ACS, the two important strategies to save live from cancer are:

A
  1. Prevention

2. Early detection (screening)

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11
Q

What is a prevention?

A

A measure that stop cancer from developing.

Ex. Not smoking, good diet, use sun screen, etc.

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12
Q

A process/of detection is consisted of what?

A

Exams and test

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13
Q

What’s the overall survival rate for cancer today? (Overall)

A

81 percent

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14
Q

Effective screening translate to ______?

A

Effective screening translate to INCREASED SURVIVAL.

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15
Q

Signs VS Symptoms

A

Signs (objective) findings perceived by an examiner. Rash, mass, discoloration

Symptom (subjective) change in condition as perceived by a pt. (lack of sleep, numbness, upset stomach)

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16
Q

Definition of diagnosis

A

The identification of a disease or condition. Can be Objective or subjective

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17
Q

Subjective diagnosis is based on what?

A
  1. Pt. complaints
  2. Medical hx
  3. Diagnosis with NO HARD EVIDENCE
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18
Q

Objective diagnosis is based on what?

A
  1. Based on results of current medical procedures and tests

2. Observations made by MD or medical staff

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19
Q

What is the first step in obtaining an objective diagnosis?

A

Interview: done by MD

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20
Q

MD follows what assessment plan? (Hint: four letters)

A 
S.O.A.P
S: subjective info 
O. Objective info 
A: assessment 
P: planning
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21
Q

T/F

The interview is considered the most powerful diagnostic tool

A

True

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22
Q

Example of active listening

A

Asking questions to obtain as much info as possible

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23
Q

What are the thee type of verbal response?

A
  1. Minimal
  2. Reflecting feelings
  3. Clarifications
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24
Q

Can a patient take their record home with them?

A

No. They can pay a fee and obtain a copy

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25
Q

Is the radiation therapy chart included in the regular medical chart?

A

No, XRT is a separate document from the medical records

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26
Q

What are the info gathered during medical history interview

A
  1. Demographic
  2. Complaints
  3. Medical history
  4. Family history
  5. Personal history
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27
Q

Example of demographics

A

Age
Race
Gender
Martial status

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28
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Symptoms that occur because of hormones or activity of the tumor, occur distant from the tumor (ex. Hypercalcemia)

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29
Q

What are pre-malignant symptoms

A

Physiologic characteristic or disposing factors that may lead to malignancy

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30
Q

What is Adela?

A

Swelling of the vessel

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31
Q

What is thrombosis ?

A

Abnormal accumulation of clotting factors in vessel

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32
Q

What is hematoma?

A

Abnormal accumulation of blood in the tissue from a ruptured vessel

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33
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Yellowing of the skin from alcohol abuse. Indicate liver issue

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34
Q

Foul smell of feces may indicate what?

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

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35
Q

When urine has an ammonia odor is present, what this may indicate?

A

Bladder disorder

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36
Q

Breath, halitosis may indicate what?

A

Head and neck malignancy

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37
Q

Foul smelling of sputum indicate what?

A

A lung abscess

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38
Q

What is palpating?

A

Use of touch

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39
Q

Actual striking or tapping of patient, to produce vibration in areas of body

A

Percussion

40
Q

What is auscultation ?

A

Act of listening with use of stethoscope

41
Q

A physical exam includes what 4 things?

A

Palpitation (touch)
Percussion (striking or tapping to cause vibrations)
Inspection ( use of sight)
Auscultation (act of listening with use of stethoscope)

42
Q

What is inspection

A

The use of sight to observe

43
Q

Lesions, warts, moles, and ulceration may indicate what?

A

May indicate benign or malignant transformation or cancer

44
Q

Vital signs includes:

A 
Temperature (96.8F - 98.6F or 36C - 37C)
Pulse (60 -90 beats per min) 
Blood pressure (110 - 140 / 60 -80)
Respiration (10 -20 breaths per min)
Pain ( 0- 5)
45
Q

The joint commission considers _______ as the 5th vital sign?

A

Pain

46
Q

Screening takes place at what 2 level?

A
  1. Prevention

2. Early detection

47
Q

T/F

Specific screening are for patients who are symptomatic, undergoing treatment, or being followed up.

A

True

48
Q

Lab studies included what kind of studies?

A 
Blood
Microbiological 
Urine 
Fecal studies 
Immunological studies
49
Q

What is an Electrocardiograph (ECG)

A

(ECG) is the electrical conductivity of HEART muscle

50
Q

What are Electroencephalogram (EEG)?

A

EEG is the electrical conductivity of brain wave activity

51
Q

What is an Electromyogram (EMG)?

A

EMG is the electrical conductivity in muscles

52
Q

Ability to measure True negatives

A

Specificity

53
Q

Ability to measure true positive

A

Sensitivity

54
Q

_________ is the number of new cases while ______ is the number of cases that exits at any given time.

A

Incidence, prevalence

55
Q

ACS recommends annual mammo to women at what age?

A

40

56
Q

ACS recommends a mammo and ________ to high risk women at what age?

A

Mammo and MRI at age 30

57
Q

What is the most effective method for detection of breast cancer ?

A

High quality mammo

58
Q

______ men have higher risk of prostate cancer

A

Black men

59
Q

What is the one leading cause of death among men >50 yrs?

A

Prostate cancer

60
Q

Common method for prostate screening?

A

DRE (digit rectal exam)

61
Q

PSA results in ________ and _________.

A

False negative and false positive

62
Q

As men gets older, what happens to the PSA?

A

PSA levels increase as men gets older

63
Q

Besides aging, when does level of PSA also increase, making PSA NOT a reliable method?

A

When prostrate cancer is present

64
Q

ACS recommends mass screening for which cancer’

A

Prostate, cervical, breast and colorectal cancers

65
Q

“Tis” stands for what?

A

“Tumor in situ”

66
Q

ACS recommends colonoscopy how many years?

A

Every 10 yrs

67
Q

The Grade of the cancer refers to _____?

A

Cell differentiation

68
Q

More poorly differentiated, the _____ aggressive the tumor, the _______ the grade.

A

More poorly differentiated, the MORE aggressive the tumor, the HIGHER the grade.

69
Q

What’s Gx?

A

Grade not assessable

70
Q

What’s G1?

A

Well differentiated

71
Q

What’s G2?

A

Moderately differentiated

72
Q

What’s G3?

A

Poorly differentiated

73
Q

What’s G4?

A

Undifferentiated

74
Q

Examples of signs

A

Rash
Fever
Discoloration
Mass

75
Q

T/F

Patient radiation therapy chart is included in the regular hospital chart

A

False

76
Q

Syndromes that occurs from the result of tumor activity is known as?

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

77
Q

The ACS now recommends physician to have a discussion with high risk patients about low dose spiral CT screening for what cancer?

A

Lung cancer

78
Q

Pulse rhythm refers to?

A

The pattern of beats

79
Q

Breaths per minutes refers to?

A

The rate of respiration

80
Q

Which group of men is at highest risk for prostate cancer?

A

African American men

81
Q

BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 is what kind of gene?

A

Suppressor genes. When these genes are mutated, that when breast cancer develop

82
Q

T/F

The presence of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 gene puts a women at higher risk of breast cancer?

A

False

83
Q

T/F

It is thought that most communication occurs via non-verbal cues.

A

True. Non-verbal cues is the facial and physical expression

84
Q

Selecting the appropriate tests and studies to check for disease is known as ?

A

Screening

85
Q

Change in the color of a mole is an example of?

A

Pre-malignancy

86
Q

Selecting appropriate tests and studies to check for disease is known as?

A

Screening

87
Q

What are the 4 classic techniques used during a physical exam?

A
  1. Palpitation (use of touch)
  2. Percussion (use of tapping/striking/vibration)
  3. Auscultation (listening through stethoscope)
  4. Inspection (use of light for observation)
88
Q

In the TNM staging, what does the “T” indicate?

A

T: tumor size (T0 to T4)

89
Q

In the TNM staging, what does the “N” indicate?

A

N: node involvement

90
Q

In the TNM staging, what does the “M” indicate?

A

M: spread of mets

91
Q

The ACS recommends mass screening for the general population for many cancers EXCEPT?

A

Lung cancer

92
Q

The ACS recommends mass screening for the general population for which cancers?

A

Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Colorectal cancer

93
Q

T/F

Vital signs includes oxygen analysis

A

False

94
Q

What is the diastolic normal range?

A

60-80 mm Hg

95
Q

What is the procedure known as that is used to assess breast cancer node status?

A

Sentinel node assessment

Therapy Prin & Procedure (17 decks)

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