Ch.5: Detection And Diagnosis Flashcards
Which cancer has high survival rate?
Prostate cancer
Which cancer has poor survival rate?
Brain primary tumor cancer
Which two specialty has cancer diagnosis has increasingly relied on?
Radiology and pathology
Which specialty is the PRIMARY METHOD to FIND a disease/
Radiology
Which specialty is the only method that we can DEFINIIVELY KNOW if a patient ha cancer?
Pathology: looking at the cells directly
T/F
Survival rate vary based on the cancer type?
True
T/F
Careful observations of signs and symptoms increase the early detection which will then give better outcome?
True
Examples of deadly cancer
Pancreatic: due to its near location to other organs, it is easily spreadable
Ovarian: curable if caught early
What is an important tool in maintaining good healt and detection an diagnosis?
Routine physical
According to ACS, the two important strategies to save live from cancer are:
- Prevention
2. Early detection (screening)
What is a prevention?
A measure that stop cancer from developing.
Ex. Not smoking, good diet, use sun screen, etc.
A process/of detection is consisted of what?
Exams and test
What’s the overall survival rate for cancer today? (Overall)
81 percent
Effective screening translate to ______?
Effective screening translate to INCREASED SURVIVAL.
Signs VS Symptoms
Signs (objective) findings perceived by an examiner. Rash, mass, discoloration
Symptom (subjective) change in condition as perceived by a pt. (lack of sleep, numbness, upset stomach)
Definition of diagnosis
The identification of a disease or condition. Can be Objective or subjective
Subjective diagnosis is based on what?
- Pt. complaints
- Medical hx
- Diagnosis with NO HARD EVIDENCE
Objective diagnosis is based on what?
- Based on results of current medical procedures and tests
2. Observations made by MD or medical staff
What is the first step in obtaining an objective diagnosis?
Interview: done by MD
MD follows what assessment plan? (Hint: four letters)
S.O.A.P S: subjective info O. Objective info A: assessment P: planning
T/F
The interview is considered the most powerful diagnostic tool
True
Example of active listening
Asking questions to obtain as much info as possible
What are the thee type of verbal response?
- Minimal
- Reflecting feelings
- Clarifications
Can a patient take their record home with them?
No. They can pay a fee and obtain a copy
Is the radiation therapy chart included in the regular medical chart?
No, XRT is a separate document from the medical records
What are the info gathered during medical history interview
- Demographic
- Complaints
- Medical history
- Family history
- Personal history
Example of demographics
Age
Race
Gender
Martial status
What are paraneoplastic syndrome
Symptoms that occur because of hormones or activity of the tumor, occur distant from the tumor (ex. Hypercalcemia)
What are pre-malignant symptoms
Physiologic characteristic or disposing factors that may lead to malignancy
What is Adela?
Swelling of the vessel
What is thrombosis ?
Abnormal accumulation of clotting factors in vessel
What is hematoma?
Abnormal accumulation of blood in the tissue from a ruptured vessel
What is jaundice?
Yellowing of the skin from alcohol abuse. Indicate liver issue
Foul smell of feces may indicate what?
Pancreatic insufficiency
When urine has an ammonia odor is present, what this may indicate?
Bladder disorder
Breath, halitosis may indicate what?
Head and neck malignancy
Foul smelling of sputum indicate what?
A lung abscess
What is palpating?
Use of touch
Actual striking or tapping of patient, to produce vibration in areas of body
Percussion
What is auscultation ?
Act of listening with use of stethoscope
A physical exam includes what 4 things?
Palpitation (touch)
Percussion (striking or tapping to cause vibrations)
Inspection ( use of sight)
Auscultation (act of listening with use of stethoscope)
What is inspection
The use of sight to observe
Lesions, warts, moles, and ulceration may indicate what?
May indicate benign or malignant transformation or cancer
Vital signs includes:
Temperature (96.8F - 98.6F or 36C - 37C) Pulse (60 -90 beats per min) Blood pressure (110 - 140 / 60 -80) Respiration (10 -20 breaths per min) Pain ( 0- 5)
The joint commission considers _______ as the 5th vital sign?
Pain
Screening takes place at what 2 level?
- Prevention
2. Early detection
T/F
Specific screening are for patients who are symptomatic, undergoing treatment, or being followed up.
True
Lab studies included what kind of studies?
Blood Microbiological Urine Fecal studies Immunological studies
What is an Electrocardiograph (ECG)
(ECG) is the electrical conductivity of HEART muscle
What are Electroencephalogram (EEG)?
EEG is the electrical conductivity of brain wave activity
What is an Electromyogram (EMG)?
EMG is the electrical conductivity in muscles
Ability to measure True negatives
Specificity
Ability to measure true positive
Sensitivity
_________ is the number of new cases while ______ is the number of cases that exits at any given time.
Incidence, prevalence
ACS recommends annual mammo to women at what age?
40
ACS recommends a mammo and ________ to high risk women at what age?
Mammo and MRI at age 30
What is the most effective method for detection of breast cancer ?
High quality mammo
______ men have higher risk of prostate cancer
Black men
What is the one leading cause of death among men >50 yrs?
Prostate cancer
Common method for prostate screening?
DRE (digit rectal exam)
PSA results in ________ and _________.
False negative and false positive
As men gets older, what happens to the PSA?
PSA levels increase as men gets older
Besides aging, when does level of PSA also increase, making PSA NOT a reliable method?
When prostrate cancer is present
ACS recommends mass screening for which cancer’
Prostate, cervical, breast and colorectal cancers
“Tis” stands for what?
“Tumor in situ”
ACS recommends colonoscopy how many years?
Every 10 yrs
The Grade of the cancer refers to _____?
Cell differentiation
More poorly differentiated, the _____ aggressive the tumor, the _______ the grade.
More poorly differentiated, the MORE aggressive the tumor, the HIGHER the grade.
What’s Gx?
Grade not assessable
What’s G1?
Well differentiated
What’s G2?
Moderately differentiated
What’s G3?
Poorly differentiated
What’s G4?
Undifferentiated
Examples of signs
Rash
Fever
Discoloration
Mass
T/F
Patient radiation therapy chart is included in the regular hospital chart
False
Syndromes that occurs from the result of tumor activity is known as?
Paraneoplastic syndrome
The ACS now recommends physician to have a discussion with high risk patients about low dose spiral CT screening for what cancer?
Lung cancer
Pulse rhythm refers to?
The pattern of beats
Breaths per minutes refers to?
The rate of respiration
Which group of men is at highest risk for prostate cancer?
African American men
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 is what kind of gene?
Suppressor genes. When these genes are mutated, that when breast cancer develop
T/F
The presence of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 gene puts a women at higher risk of breast cancer?
False
T/F
It is thought that most communication occurs via non-verbal cues.
True. Non-verbal cues is the facial and physical expression
Selecting the appropriate tests and studies to check for disease is known as ?
Screening
Change in the color of a mole is an example of?
Pre-malignancy
Selecting appropriate tests and studies to check for disease is known as?
Screening
What are the 4 classic techniques used during a physical exam?
- Palpitation (use of touch)
- Percussion (use of tapping/striking/vibration)
- Auscultation (listening through stethoscope)
- Inspection (use of light for observation)
In the TNM staging, what does the “T” indicate?
T: tumor size (T0 to T4)
In the TNM staging, what does the “N” indicate?
N: node involvement
In the TNM staging, what does the “M” indicate?
M: spread of mets
The ACS recommends mass screening for the general population for many cancers EXCEPT?
Lung cancer
The ACS recommends mass screening for the general population for which cancers?
Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Colorectal cancer
T/F
Vital signs includes oxygen analysis
False
What is the diastolic normal range?
60-80 mm Hg
What is the procedure known as that is used to assess breast cancer node status?
Sentinel node assessment
