Lung Cancer

Question 1

What are some of the risk factors other than smoking for lung cancer?

Answer 1

Asbestos, genetic/ familal factors, occupation carcinogens

Question 2

What do the N stages of lung cancer refer to?

Answer 2

The lymph nodes, where N0 is no visible enlargement in the lymph nodes, N1 is the lymph nodes in the hilar region and the central parts of the chest is N2

Question 3

What do the T stages of a lung tumour refer to?

Answer 3

The size of the tumour, and T4 means that the tumour is invading the cell wall

Question 4

What do the M stages of a lung tumour refer to?

Answer 4

The amount of metases, M1a is local intrathroaic spread, whereas M1b is where it has metasised to the liver, brain and the adrenal gland

Question 5

Where are some of the common areas of metastic spread for lung tumours?

Answer 5

Brain, draining lymph nodes, pericardium, lung, pleural, liver and adrenal glands

Question 6

What are the two different forms of ways to determine the staging of a tumour?

Answer 6

Imaging and tissue sampling

Question 7

What are the different ways of imaging so that you can determine the staging?

Answer 7

A CT scan, PET scan, CXR, endobrochial Bx, wash, EBUS, EUS, brochocsopy

Question 8

What are some of the different ways of tissue sampling to determine the cancer staging?

Answer 8

Brochoscopy, CT biopsy, throascopy, USS, or surgical ways of determining the tissue

Question 9

What are some of the signs of the primary tumour?

Answer 9

NO SYMPTOMS cough, dysponea, wheezing, heamotpysis, lung infectiot, weight loss

Question 10

What are some of the symptoms of the metases?

Answer 10

Bloated face, dysponea, horsent due to a left reccurent laryngeal nerve pasly, chest pain if the pariteal pleura becomes involved

Question 11

What may be some of the metabolic symptoms of a lung cancer?

Answer 11

Thirst (hypercalcemia) seizures, constipation

Question 12

What are some of the signs of lung cancer?

Answer 12

NO SIGNS, cachexia, pale conjuctiva, certicval, hrones sndrome, consilidation, liver enlargement, sin metases, muffled heart sounds, signs of a pleural effusion

Question 13

What are some of the paraneoplastic syndromes of lung cancer?

Answer 13

Endocrine, hypercalcemia, cushings sydrome and inapproiate anitbdireutic hromone secretion, hem=amtoloical suhc as anaemia, thromoboyctosim, sketal and nneuolical enclpathy, and eaton lyme syndorme

Question 14

What are the general principals of imaging in a lung cancer ?

Answer 14

All chest X-ray, most a staging chest Ct and a PET C, and in some people you would need a head CT, a MRT and a US

Question 15

What are the different types of lung tumour?

Answer 15

Non small cell lun cancer (a sqaumous cell carinoma, a adenocarcinoma, a large cell carcinoma) and small cell carcinoma and some of the more rare types of tumour

Question 16

Wht does a performance status of 1 mean?

Answer 16

Symptomatic but able to carry out normal activitey

Question 17

What are some of the different molecular thearpies for lung cancer?

Answer 17

EGFR mutation, ALK mutation, KRAS mutation, PDI mutation,

Question 18

What are the forms of radiothearpy that can be given in lung cancer?

Answer 18

Radical- with curvative intent, pallative for symptom contolr

Question 19

What are the forms of chemo that might be given in lung cancer?

Answer 19

Combination chemothearpy, which is potneially curvative in small cell carcinoma in small cell there is a modest survival increas, neoajuvant chemo before the surger, and adjuvant is chemo after surgery

Question 20

What are some of the principles of symptom control in lung cancer?

Answer 20

Active symptom contorl, patient supprot, nurtional stone, airway stents, and helping wihth anixety and radiothearpy to help control the size of the tumour