Anatomy Of The Respiratory Tract

Question 1

What is the border of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 1

The lower border of the circoid cartilage

Question 2

What is the passage of air through the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 2

Nasal cavity/ oral cavity, the pharynx and the layrnx

Question 3

What are the functions of the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

Conducting air from the atmosphere to the lower respiratory tract, conditioning (warming, humidification and trapping of particles from inspired air) and protection of the airway during swallowing

Question 4

What are the bony structures found in the nasal cavity?

Answer 4

2 nasal bones and a axilla, carilagnous pathc,

Question 5

What are the structures found in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 5

3 bony projections known as the superior, middle and inferior cohae, and the spaces below them known as the superior middle and inferior meatus

Question 6

What is the purpose of the cochae on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

Increase the turbulence of air and slow it down, as well as increasing the surface area where it is in contact with the respiratory mucosa.

Question 7

What areas are the nasal cavity divided into?

Answer 7

The vestibule, the respiratory region and the olfactory region

Question 8

What is the description of the respiratory mucus membrane?

Answer 8

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epitehliu,m

Question 9

What are the free paranasal sinuses known as?

Answer 9

Frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethomodial sinuses as well as the spenoid sinuses at the back

Question 10

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct and where does it drain?

Answer 10

Drains tears from the eye and opens into the inferior meatus

Question 11

Where does the auditory or eustachian tube open into the nose?

Answer 11

The level of the inferior meatus

Question 12

How does the nose increase the temperature of the air?

Answer 12

Rich vascular supply

Question 13

Where do the cilia waft the mucus?

Answer 13

To the oropharnyx where it is swallowed.

Question 14

What are some features of the phrynx?

Answer 14

Is a fibromuscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to C6 and allows the passage of air from the nasal cavity to the layrnx.

Question 15

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 15

The nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity), the oropharynx (behind the ora cavity, between the soft palate and the tip of the epiglottis, and the layrngopharync (between the tip of the epiglottis and the circoid cartilage)

Question 16

What is the larnux?

Answer 16

A muscular tube made with supporting cartilages, the carliganous skeleton is made up of 3 unpaired cartilages (epiglottis, the throyid and the circoid carilage)

Question 17

What is the glottis?

Answer 17

The vocal cords and the apputures between the cords

Question 18

What is movement of vocal cords towards the midline called?

Answer 18

Adduction of the cords (Abduction of the cords is opening the appeture)

Question 19

What causes the movement of the vocal cords?

Answer 19

Intrinsic movements of the layrnx

Question 20

What happens during speech to the vocal cords?

Answer 20

They are partially abducted during speech- sound is produced due to the passage of air through the appeture

Question 21

What happens during reccurrent larnygeal nerve injury?

Answer 21

Supplies all the intrinsic msucles of the larynx, so injury nerve courses paralysis of the vocal cord on the ipsodal side leading to the harsness of voice, and can be secondary to a problem such as lung cancer

Question 22

How do the vocal cords help to prevent aspiration?

Answer 22

Adducted during swallowing, and therefore block the entrance to the trachea

Question 23

How can the airway of a unconcious person on their back be obstructed?

Answer 23

The toungue falling backward on the oropharnx, and in sleep apnea the loss of tone in pharyngeal muscles causes them to become floppy and obstruct airways

Question 24

What are the different types of ribs found in the body?

Answer 24

Ribs 1-7 attach independently to the sternum,(true ribs) and ribs 8-10 attach to the costal cartilage that is found superiorly- false ribs and ribs 11-12 have an anterior attahcement and end in he abdominal muscles

Question 25

Describs and name the costovertebral joints?

Answer 25

2 synovial joints- the joint of the rib head- which articulates with the body of the corresponding vertebra and above, and the cototranverse point, where the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse processes of the corresponding vertebra

Question 26

What are the three types of intercostal muscle?

Answer 26

The external intercostal, the internal intercostal and the innermost intercostals

Question 27

What direction do the fibres of the internal intercostal muscles run?

Answer 27

INferioanteriolly

Question 28

What does contraction of the external intercostal muscles do?

Answer 28

Elevates the ribs and increases the thoraic volume

Question 29

What innervates the intercostal muscles?

Answer 29

The intercostal nerves (T1-T11)

Question 30

What is the action of the internal intercostal muscles?

Answer 30

Interssous part reduces the thoraic volume and reduces the rib cage

Question 31

When are the innermost intercostal muscles active?

Answer 31

Forced expiration (also help to depress the ribs)

Question 32

What is the location and singificance of the neurovascular bundle?

Answer 32

Contains the intercostal vein, atery and nerve, lie between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles, adnd run along the lower border of a rib so the needle in a chest drain should be inserted just above the rib

Question 33

Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal ateries arise from?

Answer 33

Antetrior arises from the medial throaic atery, and posterior arise from the aorta and the superior intercostal atery

Question 34

Where do the intercostal veins drain?

Answer 34

The anterior intercostal vein drains to the internal throaci vein, into the subclavian whereas as the posterior intercostal veins drain the the azzyogus vein on the right and the senmizygous vein on the left into the SVC

Question 35

What are the roots of the intercostal nerves and what do they supply?

Answer 35

Anterior rami of the thoraic spinal nerve T1-T12 and they supply the intercostal msuclece, parietal pleura and the overlying skin

Question 36

What are some of the features of the diaphram?

Answer 36

Dome shaped muscle, divides the thoraic and abdominal vaity, and attaches to the lumbar vertebrae and the acrute ligaments and costal cartilage,s of ribs 7-12 and xiphodi process of the setermal- concavity means the thoracic side is much lower than the ribs

Question 37

Which is the higher dome of the diaprham and why?

Answer 37

The right dome (at the level of the 5th rib) is higher than the lefr dome at the 5th intercostal space due to the presence of the liver

Question 38

Where do the vena cava, the oesphagus and the arotic hiatus pass through the diaprham?

Answer 38

Vena cava passes through at T8 the oseophagus passes through at T10 and the aortic hiatus passes through at T12

Question 39

What is the innervation of the diaphram?

Answer 39

The prhenic nerve, C3,C4 and C5

Question 40

What are the three areas of the thoaric cavity?

Answer 40

The superior mediastinum, and the anterior mediastum, the middle mediastum, and the posterior mediastinum

Question 41

What are the two types of pleura found in the lungs?

Answer 41

The visceral pleura, covering the lungs, and the parietal pleura covering the inside of the hemithorax

Question 42

What is the importance of the pleural fluid?

Answer 42

Allows parietal and visercal parts to slide over one another, and allows movement of the lung against the chest wall with breathing.

Question 43

What is the pleura supplied by?

Answer 43

The intercostal ateries and the internal thoracic ateries, and has somatic innervation including pan fibres from the intercostal and the phrenic nerves

Question 44

Where does the trachea divide into the left and right brochi?

Answer 44

The sternal angle

Question 45

What is the brochipulmonary segement?

Answer 45

Pyramid shaped area of the lung with the apex facing twoards the hilium and the base towards the lung surface

Question 46

What are the brochial ateries?

Answer 46

Supply brochial tree from the carina to the respiratory brochiloes the visceral pleura and the connective tissue

Question 47

What are the three surfaces found on each lung?

Answer 47

A costal surface, a diaprhamatic surface and a mediastinal surface

Question 48

Where does the apex of the lung extend?

Answer 48

Above the level of the first rib so can be damaged in stab wounds to the neck

Question 49

Describe some of the structural features of the left lung?

Answer 49

Two lobes- the upper and lower, and are separated by the oblique fissure,

Question 50

What are the structures found in the right lung?

Answer 50

3 lobes, the upper, middle and lower oblique fissure seperatates the upper and middle from the lower, and the horzinontal fissure seperates the right upper and middle lobes

Question 51

Where doe the lung get its neruonal supply from?

Answer 51

Receives fibres from the vagi and the sympatheic trunk via the pulmonary plexuses.