Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for lung cancer

A
  • cigarette smoking - 90% of lung cancer, precursor lesions of meta/dysplasia
  • industrial carcinogens - radioactive material, asbestos, heavy metals etc
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2
Q

Classification of lung cancer

A
  1. Small Cell Carcinoma (20%)
  2. Non-small cell carcinoma
    - Squamous cell carcinoma
    - Adenocarcinoma
    - Others
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3
Q

Routes of spread of lung cancer (4)

A
  1. Local - lung, pleura, mediastinum, chest wall
  2. Lymphatic - lymph nodes
  3. Transcoelomic - pleural & pericardial effusions
  4. Hematogenous
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4
Q

Features of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

A
  • commoner in males, smokers
  • hilar location, large, central necrosis & cavitation, locally invasive
  • squamous differentiation, keratin pearls
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5
Q

Features of adenocarcinoma of the lung

A
  • equal gender incidence, not as closely linked with smoking
  • peripherally located, less rapid growing than SCC, scarring, pleural involvement, glandular differentiation
  • growth patterns: acinar, papillary, sold with mucin production, bronchioalveolar carcinoma (spreads along alveolar septa, looks like consolidation on XR)
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6
Q

Features of small cell carcinoma of the lung

A
  • high association with smoking
  • usually hilar, central masses
  • small neoplastic cells (oat cells, lymphocyte-like)
  • scant cytoplasm, ill-defined cell borders, finely granular nuclear chromatin (salt & pepper), no glandular/squamous organization, extensive necrosis
  • good response to chemo but likely to relapse, poor prognosis
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7
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes of the lung

A
  • Endocrine - SIADH, ectopic ACTH secretion, hypercalcemia

- Neurological - hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

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