Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics > Luminal GI > Flashcards

Luminal GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common esophageal atresia?

A

Type N (also know as proximal atresia, distal fistula and also known as type C TE fistula).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Association with esophageal atresia

A

VACTERL
CHARGE
T18
T21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

VACTERL

A

V: vertebral anomalies: hemivertebrae, congenital scoliosis, caudal regression
spina bifida
A: anorectal anomalies, anal atresia
C: cardiac anomalies; cleft lip,
TE: tracheo-esophageal fistula +/- esophageal atresia
R: renal anomalies; radial ray anomalies
L: limb anomalies: polydactyly, oligodactyly

Cardiac (77%) and renal (72%)anomalies: Most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Coronal oritnetation of coin

A

Esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sagittal orientation of coin

A

Trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When to remove swallowed maget

A

If there are 2, if there is 1 it is ok.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When to remove AA and AAA battery?

A

2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When to remove disc battery

A

2 hours if esophagus

2 days if stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Coins (and pennies <1982)

A

24 hours in the esophagus

24 days in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pennies >1982

A

Remove from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lead

A

Immediate removal from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sharp objects

A

Remove immediately if esophagus or stomach

Surgery/follow up if postpyloric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Associated with tracheal stenosis (primary) and narrowing between the esophagus and trachea.

A

Pulmonary sling (aberrant left pulmonary artery)

failure of formation of the 6th aortic arch.

“sling” is best used when the proximal portion of the anomalous vessel impinges on the right main bronchus and causes air trapping of the entire right lung

Hypoplastic right lung, TE fistula, imperforated anus.

Tx Surgical repositioning of the artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Shortness of breath (newborn), or difficulty swallowing (adult) most common symptomatic aortic arch variant

A

4th arch anomaly
No associated with congenital cardiac abnormalities
Most commonly dominant RIGHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Innominate artery compression syndrome

A

Normal anatomy + stenosis of trachea and obstructive symtoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes posterior esophagus compression on esophagogram?

A

Double aortic arch AND aberrant subclavian (right aberrant with a left arch or left aberrant with right arch, most common aortic arch anomaly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diverticulum of Komerell

A

Pro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Single bubble

A 
Pyloric atresia (image)
Antral atresia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Double bubble

A

HIGHLY SPECIFIC for duodenal atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tripple bubble

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Double bouble + distal gas

A

Exclude atresia

Differential includes midgut volvulus, duodenal stenosis and duodenal webb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diffusely dilated bowel loops

A

= Barium enema

If negative= Upper GI (exclude atypical volvulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is most commonly associated with?

A

Heterotaxy, omphalocele, duodenal atresia, internal hernias

Most common presentation in infants: Volvulus

Ladd bands: Older

SMA in the right and SMV in the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Midgut volvulus

A

Ladd procedure:
Release of abnormal bands in second portion
Pexy second and cecum
Appendectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Intestinal nonrotation

A

small bowel occupying the right side of the peritoneal cavity and the colon predominantly on the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Wandering duodenum

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Duodenum inversus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ladds band

A

Fibrous staff fixing the cecum, by mistake takes the second portion of the duodenum and causes a partial obstruction

Ladds procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Preudoduodenal portal vein

A

Duodenal obstruction

Heterotaxy syndrome or polysplenia syndrome or associated with:

situs inversus
bowel malrotation
biliary atresia
duodenal atresia
annular pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

2-12 weeks

4 mm single wall
14 mm length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Organoaxial volvulus

A

Old, paraesophageal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mesenteroaxial volvulus

A

Children

Two buble of air within the chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Triad of Borchard

A

Epigastric pain
Retching without vomiting
Inability to pass a nasogastric tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Occurs in the second part of the duodenum and is associated with Down syndrome/intestinal malrotation//annular pancreas

A

Duodenal web

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Anterior (two) buds unable to migrate from right to left posteriorly.

A

Annular pancreas, associated with Down’s syndrome, pancreatitis, duodenal obstruction, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is short microcolon

A

Colonic atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a long microcolon

A

Ileal atresia or cystic fibrosis (meconium ileus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Having a microcolon and not terminal ileum

A

Ileal atresia

Vascular insult

Increased insident of chromosomal abnormalities

25% CF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Having long microcolon and poop in the terminal ileum

A

Meconium ileus= Cystic fibrosis

20% CF PRESENT WITH Meconium ileu at birht

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is an small left colon?

A

Meconium plug syndrome
Diabetic mothers
Eclampsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hirschprung disease

A

most common cause of neonatal colonic obstruction

definitive diagnosis requires a full-thickness rectal biopsy (2 cm above the dentate line as the region below the dentate line is normally aganglionic)

  • short segment disease: ~75%: rectal and distal sigmoid colonic involvement only
  • long segment: ~15%: typically extends to splenic flexure / transverse colon
  • total colonic aganglionosis: ~7.5% (range 2-13%) also known as Zuezler-Wilson syndrome occasional extension of aganglionosis into the small bowel
  • ultrashort segment disease: 3-4 cm of internal anal sphincter only controversial entity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Associated with CF, intestinal atresia and polyhydramnios

A

Meconium peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Associated with meconium peritonitis

A

Meconium pseudocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Who gets tehtered cords?

A

Imperforated annus:

Associated to other atresias, esophageal atresia, VACTERL association, caudal regression syndrome (associated sacral agenesis and lower limb hypoplasia),
Currarino’s triad (anorectal malformations with sacral anomalies and presacral mass lesion), fistulous tracts to the urethra or vagina may be present or may have a single cloacal opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Invetrograms high vs low

A

High: >2 cm: colostomy and subsquent repair
Low: < 2 cm: anoplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Most common cause of bowel obstruction in > 4 year old

A

Appendicitis

47
Q

Most common cause of obstruction 1 month to 1 year

A

Indirect inguinal hernia

48
Q

When intusuception occurs?

A

3 months to 3 years (lead points outside this age range)
> 2.5 cm
Intusucipiens (recipiens)

49
Q

What is persistent omphalomesenteric duct?

A 
Meckels
2% of population
2 mucosas (gastric and pancreatic)
2 cm long
2 feet from IC valve
<2 years present with symptoms
50
Q

No surrounding membran, always in the right side of the abdomen

A

Gastroschisis
Elevated AFP
No congenital shit
+ Intestinal shit

51
Q

Trisomy 18, surrounded by membranes, base umbilical cord insertion

A

Omphalocele
High mortality
Antithyroid drugs early pregnancy
Ruptured omphalocele, unable to differentiate from gastroschisis, herniated liver as well.
UmbilIcal cord cysts
50% cardiac
Turner, Klinefelters, Beckwith Wiedeman, Penthalogy of Cantrell

52
Q

What herniates normally before 13 weeks

A

Physiologic gut herniation:

While the bowel is within the umbilical cord, the midgut rotates 90 degrees counter-clockwise (facing the embryo). At approximately 10-11 weeks the abdomen enlarges and the intestines return to the abdominal cavity. The midgut then rotates an additional 180 degrees counter-clockwise, fixing to the posterior retroperitoneum.

53
Q

Omphalocele, ectopia cordis, diaphragmatic defect, pericardial/sternal defect and cardiac malformation

A

Pentalogy of Cantrell

54
Q

Intrabadominal cyst with gut signature and vertebral anomaly

A

Enteric duplication cyst

If not signature: Omental cyst

55
Q

Duodenal hematoma

A

Handleblar or NAT

Post ERCP

56
Q

Cystic fibroiss patient not taking meds

A

Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome

20-30 years old

57
Q

Most commonly cause by Yersinia enterocolitica (also salmonella, m tb, h. jejuni, campylo jejuni, shigella, among others)

A

Mesenteric adenitis

58
Q

< 36 weeks (preterm), <1500g, cardiopathy

A

Necrotizing enterocolitis:

  • Inflammation, ischemia, and permeability of the neonatal bowel wall to bacteria.
  • 2-3 days following birth, with 90% developing within the first 10 days of life
  • Medical
  • Surgery: Pneumoperitoneum (stage IIIb), portal venous gas, fixed dilated loop on serial x-rays, and abdominal wall erythema
  • 10-30% mortality
  • 20% develop stricture (more common in large bowel)
59
Q

Enlarged pancreas without fibrosis causing mass effect on surrounding structures

A

Lipomatous pseudohypertrophy of the pancreas:
- cystic fibrosis (although some authors exclude this arbitrarily by definition)
- Shwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome
- Bannayan syndrome
-Johanson-Blizzard syndrome
Without association with obesity, diabetes mellitus, or chronic pancreatitis

60
Q

Exocrine pancreatic insuficiency (also pancreatic pseudohypertrophy) + metaphyseal chondrodysplasia + bone marrow hypoplasia (cyclic neutropenia)

A

Schwachman-Bodian-Diamond syndrome

61
Q

+main pancreatic duct + lipomatosis

A

Fatty replacement/infiltration

62
Q

Absent main pancreatic duct + “fatty replacement”

A

Pancreas agenesis (dorsal pancreas agenesis)

63
Q

Absent pancreatic tail + diabetes

A

Dorsal pancreatic agenesis (most beta cells are in the tail)
Normal ventral bud
Polysplenia

64
Q

What is the most common and second cause of pancreas fatty replacement in kids?

A 
Cystic fibrosis (First)
Shwachman, Diamond syndrome (Second)
65
Q

What tumor is possibly associated with pancreatic dorsal agenesis?

A

Solid pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasm (SPEN): TAIL, CYSTIC NECROTIC MASS.
20-30 year old asian, howver kids too.
~15% can be malignant. Complete resection is associated with long-term survival even in the presence of metastatic disease.

66
Q

Exocrine pancreatic insuficiecny (fatty repl), intellectual disability, fascial staff, short stature,rectourogenital anomalies, hypothyroid

A

Johanson-Blizzard syndrome

67
Q

Most frequent mass in infants (<6 months)

A

Infantile hepatic hemangioma:

  • Hepatomegaly
  • Hydrops fetalis (av shunting)
  • Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and consumptive coagulopathy (Kasabach-Merritt sequence)
  • Hypothyroidism (elevated type 3-iodothyronine deiodinase activity)

Rapid, proliferative growth phase in the first six months of life, followed by regression and involution

Regression is expected, if symptoms propanolol or AV shunting embolization.

68
Q

Most common malignant liver neoplasm + Beckwith Wiedeman/Hemihypertrophy/Wilms +Venous extension + Calcifications

A

Hepatoblastoma: Elevated AFP, male

Lung mets, venous invasion

69
Q

Negative AFP and <2 year old

A

Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma (part of the benigns mesenchymal tumors in childrne, along side the Infantile hepatic hemangioma.

70
Q

10-14 years old, elevated AFP

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, associated with hepatitis B infection
Fanconi, glycogen storage disease, biliary atresia
Second most common pediatric liver malignancy.

71
Q

Adolescent with normal AFP

A

Non enhancing scar, T2 dark, photopenic defect with tc99 sulfurcolloid.
Tumor is gallium avid. Tumor calciifes most often than HCC

72
Q

6-10 year old children with complex liver mass (mucoid, cystic and solid) and normal AFP

A

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma

73
Q

Children liver massess with elevated AFP

A

HCC and Hepatoblastoma

74
Q

Children liver epithelial maassess

A

Fibrollamelar, hepatoblastoma and HCC

75
Q

Children liver epithelial maassess

A

Fibrollamelar, hepatoblastoma and HCC

76
Q

Trisomy 21 + hepatomegaly

A

Transient abnormal myelopoiesis
10% of T21
Preleukemic syndrome
20% progresses to leukemia

77
Q

Hepatomegaly + placentomegaly + splenomegaly

First hepatomegaly, last hepatomegaly (After tx)

A

Hepatomegaly in congenital syphilis is first seen at 18 weeks
Fetal intrahepatic calcifications

78
Q

Hepatomegaly + congenital hemocrhomatosis + hydrops

A

GALD (Gestational alloimmune liver disease)

79
Q

What is the most common Todani choledochal cyst?

A

Type 1: Focal dilatation of the CBD

80
Q

What are the rarest choledocal cysts?

A

Type 2 and 3.
Type 2: Diverticulum from the CBD
Type 3: Choledechocele

81
Q

rare todani

A

Type III

82
Q

What has cysts within and outside?

A

Todani IV: next most common

83
Q

What has cysts insides and is called disease

A 
Caroli disease (Type V)
Association with liver fibrosis
84
Q

What is a dilated cystic duct ?

A

Todani VI

85
Q

What todani undergoes surgical resection?

A

Type I, II and IV
Rpux en Y Hepaticojejunostomy
Roux limb connects to the biliary ducts.

86
Q

What todani undergoes this procedure?

A

Todani III (choledococele)

87
Q

What is the difference between caroli disease and caroli syndrome

A

The syndrome includes hepatic fibrosis.

Caroli disease is just the dilatation.

Carolid disease is associated with caroli syndrome, ARPKD, ADPKD, and medullary sponge kidney

88
Q

Autosomal dominant syndrome associated with epistaxis

A

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.
AVM in the lung: Brain abscess
10% die of strokes, cerebral abscess or massive hemorrhage.

89
Q

Proliferation of intrahepatic biliary ducts + 2 weeks neontal inctericia

A

Biliary atresia
90% spontaneous
10% syndromic: heterotaxy, polysplenia, inverte IVC

Ecogenic triange: atretic extrahepatic biliary ducts

Fenobarbital 5mg/kg/5 days

90
Q

Obliteration of intrahepatic biliary ducts + > 2 weeks jaundice

A

Alagille syndrome (aRTERIOhepatic dysplasia)

Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, nephrocalcinosis, coarctation of arota.

91
Q

Splenomegaly + gallstones in kids

A

Sickle cell disease.

If associated heart failure: Acute splenic sequestration (most common cause of death ins SCD kids)

If assocaited abdomina pain: Acute infarct.

Splenomegaly may lead to abscess in this kids.

92
Q

Transposition of organ within the chest and abdomen with associated absent IVC and asplenia/polysplenia syndromes

A

Situs inversus totalis

93
Q

Asplenia, transposition of IVC (To the left), bilateral eparterial bronchi, severe congenital heart diseases, bilateral right atria, intestinal malrotation, bilateral pulmonary/left atria, malrotation

A

Right isomerism

Immunocompromised due to absent spleen
Severe congnital cardiac anomalies

94
Q

Polysplenia, azygous continuation, not many congenitl cardiac anomalies and bilateral hyparterial bronchus.

A

Left isomerism

95
Q

MeTAnephros

A

Renal Tubules (Kidney)

96
Q

MeSonephros

A

Sobras (Wolfian ducts, Mullerian ducts).

Renal agenesis in abscense of meSonpehrosi is due to lack of induction of the ureteric bud to the Metanephrosi to produce renal tissue.

97
Q

Most common type of renal fusion anomaly

A

Inferior mesenteric artery prevents normal ascend.
Wilms, RENAL CARCINOID and TCC
Turner syndrome

98
Q

Predominantly occurs in the right side

A

Crossed fuse renal ectopia

Ectopic kidney is inferior

99
Q

Most common congenital genitourinary anomaly in neonates

A

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
MAG 3 agent of choice (HIGH extraction when compared to DTPA, especially necessary in the context of obstruction)
40% accessory aberrant lower pole early branching vessels compress the ureter.

100
Q

Liver fibrosis is always present

A

ARPKD:

Mutation PKHD1, chromosome 6 p

101
Q

Most common vascular anomaly in neonates

A

Neonatal renal vein thrombosis: Dejhydrated, SCKD, Mother with Diabetes mellitus.
Usually left
Increased RI, hypoechoic kidney

102
Q

Severe hypertension

A

Renal artery thrombosis: Associated with umbilical catheters

103
Q

Cyptorchidism, hydroureteronephrosis (+renal dysplasia) and …. deficiency of abdominal musculature

A

Prune Belly syndrome

104
Q

Non extrinsic ureteral compression or obstruction.

A

Primary (congenital) megaureter:

  1. Obstructive (Hirschprung/Acalasia like).
  2. Reflux: From VCUR
  3. Non obstructive nonreflux: Unknown etiology
105
Q

Fishhook / reverse J appearance…

A

Circumcaval (Retrocaval) ureter

106
Q

Girl with urinary incontinence

A

Upper pole of duplicated kidney inserted in the vagina\

Duplication is due to two separate ureteric buds arise from a single Wolffian duct. The future lower pole ureter separates from Wolffian duct earlier and thus migrates superiorly and laterally as the urogenital sinus grows.

Association: Fanconi anemia

107
Q

Cobra head

A

Ureterocele: Upper pole duplicated system

108
Q

Most common cause of urethral obstruction in male/Wolfian duct remant

A

Posterior urethral valve
Failure of mesonephros to resolve (Wolfian remant)
Craniospinal defects, bowel atresia and Down synd

109
Q

Staging

A 
Vesicoureteral reflux
1 ureter
2 calyceal
3 calyceal blunting
4 tortuous 
5 very tortous
110
Q

Median umbilical ligament (if not obliterated)

A

Patent urachus.
Most common complication: Infection
Most common in males
Adenocarcinmoa

111
Q

Umbilicus…

A

Umbilicus sinus

112
Q

Urachal..

A

Urachal cyst

113
Q

Vesicourachal….

A

Vesicourachal diverticulum

114
Q

Associated with Hurley stick ureters and cryptorchidism

A 
Bladder extrophy (in the spectrum of epispadia/cloacal extrophy)
Increased risk of adenocarcinoma

Pediatrics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions