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Physiology of Microbes > LUCA L1 > Flashcards

LUCA L1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor
- Anaerobic, CO2-fixing, H2-dependent, N2-fixing thermophile, with FeS clusters (Redox), and free radical reduction mechanisms

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2
Q

where was LUCA produced

A

inhabited a geochemically active environment rich in H2, CO2, and Fe

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3
Q

what is the mitochondria

how many are there in a cell

A

Sub-compartments of eukaryotic cells (organelles) is 1-1000+ per cell

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4
Q

what do mitochondria do

A
  • Generate energy
  • Breakdown some waste products
  • Produce chemicals the cell needs
  • Part of apoptosis (in multicellular organisms)
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5
Q

what do mitochondria need

A

Require oxygen – site of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

what is a plastid and where are they

A

sub-compartment of eukaryotic cells (organelles) particularly found in plants and algae

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7
Q

what do plastids contain

A

frequently contain pigments for photosynthesis (chlorophyll containing= chloroplasts) other specialized plastids exist

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8
Q

what are the 18S rRNA genes like in a eukaryote

A

18S rRNA genes for phylogeny of eukaryotes

18S rRNA genes is much weaker for eukaryotes than 16S rRNA genes are for prokaryotes

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9
Q

how have eukaryotic phylogenies been constructed

A

using other genes (e.g., tubulin, RNA polymerase, and ATPase)

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10
Q

how can you work out if things are related

A

Similarity in shape or form can be misleading, e.g. platypus has bird beak, is a mammal…
Better to compare similarity of molecular structure – compare conserved structures e.g. ribosomes and ribosomal RNA

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11
Q

difference in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cell much bigger than most prokaryotes
Prokaryotes usually much simpler
Limitation of how many molecules can move through eukaryotic cell as much larger

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12
Q

what does the nucleus contain

A

chromosomes
DNA wound round histones = chromatin
enclosed by two membranes
inside is nucleolus - rRNA synthesis site

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13
Q

what is the mitochondria structure

A
  1. Outer membrane - large numbers of integral porins, allow molecules of ≤ 5000daltons
    freely diffuse across membrane
  2. Folded internal membranes, cristae – has enzymes needed for respiration and ATP
    production
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14
Q

what is used at the mitochondria for electron transport chain and ATP synthase

A 
Electron transport chain (Utilizing the NADH, FADH2)
ATP synthase (Utilizing the proton gradient created by the ETC)
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15
Q

what is in the inner most area of the mitochondria

A

matrix - has enzymes for oxidation of organic compounds

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16
Q

what happens in pyruvate decarboxylation

A

pyruvate –> CO2, acetyl-CoA, and NADH

17
Q

what happens in citric acid cycle

A

acetyl-CoA –> CO2, NADH, FADH2, (GTP–>ATP)

18
Q

what is hydrogenosome

A

Similar in size to, and probably evolved from mitochondria, but lacks TCA cycle enzymes and cristae

19
Q

what occurs at hydrogenosome

A

Oxidation of pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate

20
Q

does bacteria have endoplasmic reticulum and golgi

A

neither

21
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum and function

A
  • Rough contains attached ribosomes
  • Rough is a major producer of glycoproteins
  • Smooth part of the synthesis of lipids
22
Q

what is the golgi and function

A
  • Stacks of membrane distinct from, but functioning in concert with, the ER
  • Modifies products of the ER destined for secretion
  • Addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation) and phosphates (phosphorylation)
23
Q

what are lysosomes and vacuoles and what do they contain

A
  • Membrane-enclosed compartments
  • Contain digestive enzymes used for hydrolysis including: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates and cellular debris
24
Q

what is the function of lysosomes and vacuoles

A

Allow hydrolytic activity to occur in cell without damaging other cellular components

25
Q

what is the cytoskeleton for

A
  • Helps maintain cell shape and internal organization
  • Provides mechanical support so that cells can move and divide
  • Bacterial cells don’t have a cytoskeleton as they have a high osmotic pressure to maintain shape
26
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made of

A

three filamentous proteins, cells require protein filaments to hold their shape:
microfibrils
microtubules
intermediate filaments

27
Q

what is the microtubule like and its function

A

largest 25 nm in diameter; composed of α- and β-tubulin

Function, maintain cell shape, in motility, in chromosome movement, and in movement of organelles

28
Q

what is the microfilament like and its function

A

smallest 7 nm in diameter; polymers of actin

Function, maintain cell shape, motility by pseudopodia and in cell division

29
Q

what is the intermediate filament like and its function

A

intermediate 8–12 nm in diameter; keratin proteins

Function, maintain cell shape and positioning of organelles in cell

30
Q

what is the name of movement of transport vesicles, organelles, chromosomes, mRNA, rafts of proteins, and substances in the cell
where does this occur and why

A

intracellular transport
unique to eukaryotes as they possess membrane enclosed organelles and compartments - prokaryotes don’t have membraneous organelles and compartments

31
Q

what is endocytosis role

A

transport of molecules into cell (invagination of plasma membrane)

32
Q

what is the role for membrane bound transport vesicles

A

(e.g. movement of proteins from ER to Golgi apparatus)

33
Q

flagella and cilia function

A

swimming

34
Q

what are cilia

A

short flagella

35
Q

structure of flagella

A
  • Bundle of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding the central pair
  • Dynein is attached to the microtubules and uses ATP
36
Q

how does the cell move - flagella

A

propel the cell using a whip-like motion (as opposed to ‘whirling’ of a bacterial flagellum)

37
Q

what is endosymbiosis

A

Suggested organelles descend from ancient, engulfed prokaryotic cells (primary endosymbiosis)

38
Q

what evidence is there supporting endosymbiotic theory

A
  1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA (an independent genome)
  2. Eukaryotic nuclei contain genes from bacteria (endosymbiotic gene transfer)
  3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain own ribosomes which are more similar to bacterial ribosomes (70S)
  4. Further development and divergence of Eukaryotic cells into different eukaryotic families resulted from further engulfment events (secondary endosymbiosis)

Physiology of Microbes (21 decks)

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