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Physiology of Microbes > Bacterial Motility L10 > Flashcards

Bacterial Motility L10 Flashcards

1
Q

which bacteria are usually non-motile

A

cocci

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2
Q

which bacteria are usually motile

A

bacillus and spiral cells

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3
Q

what does motility require

A

cell surface structures

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4
Q

how is bacterial motility distinguished

A

brownian motion

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5
Q

is gonorrhea motile

A

round cocci cell motile

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6
Q

how is bacterial movement regulated

A

environmental stimuli

  • induction of movement
  • direction of movement
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7
Q

what are the forms of bacterial motility

A

swarming
twitching
gliding

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8
Q

what is the name for bacteria with a single flagellum at 1 pole

A

monotrichious

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9
Q

what is the name for bacteria with a cluster at one pole

A

lophotrichious

lopho = tuft, multiple hairs

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10
Q

what is the name for bacteria with a single/cluster at both poles

A

amphotrichious

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11
Q

what is the name for bacteria with even distribution over surface

A

petritrichious

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12
Q

what is trichious

A

hair

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13
Q

how can flagellae be seen

A

too thin for light microscope

need electron micrograph or staining to make the flagellae thicker

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14
Q

how long are flagellae

A

at least as long as cell

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15
Q

what makes up the flagellum

A

filament
hook
basal body

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16
Q

what is the filament function in the flagellum

A

act as a propeller

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17
Q

what is the hook function in the flagellum

A

connects filament to motor

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18
Q

what is the basal body function in the flagellum

A

motor to turn whole flagellum round

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19
Q

what do the rings do in the flagellum structure

A

acts as washers

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20
Q

where is the basal body

A

spans cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane

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21
Q

what does the basal body do

A

forms a specialised type of secretion complex

acts as a secretion pore, allow flagellum to be made in the cell and pass out so filament can be made outside

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22
Q

what is the gram negative bacteria flagellum like

A

basal body has 3 rings connected by a rod:

  • SM ring embedded in cytoplasmic membrane
  • P ring interacts with peptidoglycan layer
  • L ring interacts with outer membrane
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23
Q

what is the gram positive bacteria flagellum like

A

basal body consists of SM ring and rod
no L ring
P ring much thicker as not got outer membrane just a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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24
Q

what happens once the basal body is formed

A

subunits for the hook assembled on outside of cell

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25
Q

what does the hook do for movement in cell

A

acts as an articulation joint to allow narrow helix to form during rotation
produces a tight spiral - good for powering cells forward

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26
Q

what is added to the Hook

A

end of hook defined by HAPs hook associated proteins

proteins put on end

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27
Q

what are the hook associated proteins used for

A

prevent it being a leaky pore, select movement

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28
Q

how is the flagellum assembled

A

basal body at bottom
rings on top
motor surrounds the proteins of the basal body
Flagellin added to the distal end (furthest away from the surface of the cell)
HAP2

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29
Q

how does the flagellin pass out of the cell, and its growth

A

cell through the hook
Passed HAPs
Flagellin added to the distal end (furthest away from the surface of the cell)
HAP2 form cap, controls addition of new flagellin subunits as grows

30
Q

how are flagellum made

A

cells continually renew flagellum

31
Q

where are the motor proteins located

A

below and around the SM ring

32
Q

how does the cell have energy to move

A

energy for rotation of flagellum comes from cellular proton motive force (needs ATP)

33
Q

how does the motor turn

A

H+ ions pass through periplasm into motor proteins into cell
one of the subunits of the motor proton = one turn of the motor ring
like an electrostatic meter

34
Q

where are sheathed bacteria

A

found in spirochetes
located between cell wall and outer sheath
attached to one end of organism

35
Q

how does the sheathed bacteria move

A

axial filaments turned, whole cell turns creating a corkscrew movement through liquid

36
Q

when are swarmer cells made

A

Triggered to turn from swimmer to swarmer due to torque
If motor clicks round and something stops flagellae turning, knows on surface not liquid, makes torque
If flagella cant turn = torque (stress) knows not in a liquid medium, so turn into swarm cell

37
Q

what is the difference between a swarmer cell and a swimmer

A

swarmer cells – increase massively the number of flagellae they make and become much longer, become multinucleate

38
Q

what happens in swarmer cell process, what causes long swarmer cells

A

elongate, copy nucleic acid, at end of process cell division – if inhibit the cell division without inhibiting other = long swarmer cells

39
Q

what do swarmer cells look like when moved on agar

A

rings from centre out

40
Q

can swarmers convert back into swimmer cells

A

go back into liquid phase and torque stop, turn back into swimmer cells – completely reversible

41
Q

examples of bacteria with twitching motility

A 
Pseudomonas bacteria (gram -ve rod)
Neisseria gonococcus (gram -ve coccus)
42
Q

what is required for twitching motility

A

polar type 4 (fimbriae) pili

- fine hair like structures (6nm x 1-10um) formed from pilin protein

43
Q

where does twitching motility occur

A

on surfaces

adhesion role to surfaces and host cells (virulence)

44
Q

how do cells move when twitching motility

A

in intermittent or ‘jerky’ manner either singly or small aggregates

45
Q

what are specialised pili for

A

plasmid transfer in conjugation

46
Q

how is the pilus assembled

A

proteins at interface of cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane, control assembly of flagellum
subunits brought into cytoplasmic membrane, sucked up into the PilQ complex – controls their assembly
pool of subunits in periplasmic space, can pulled on anytime to extend the pilus
pilus built outwards

47
Q

what subunits make up the pilus

A

polymerisation ofPilA protein

48
Q

pilus disassembly

A

unlike flagellum process is reversible (two way system)

need to continually add subunits to the pilus and pull them out and put somewhere – need to be in the pool

49
Q

what causes the movement in twitching motility

A

movement induced by retraction of pilus
pili extended out is tight, starts to retract pilus
move towards where attached

50
Q

what does twitching motility look like on agar

A

spreading zones on edge of colony

edge of colony has “ground glass” appearance

51
Q

what does twitching motility require

A

alternative sigma factor for expression

52
Q

what are the three modes that require surface filament production

A

swarming
swimming
twitching

53
Q

which bacteria was gliding first identified in

A

cyanobacteria

54
Q

where does gliding motility occur

A

only occur on surfaces; relatively slow

55
Q

what changes in cell when gliding motilityoccurs

A

no change in cell morphology BUT cells have specialised cell wall structures to secrete mucilage

56
Q

how does gliding motility move cell

A

pili at one end pull cells in one direction (S engine)

A engine slime pushes

57
Q

what is necessary for gliding motility - engine slime used to push forward

A

extracellular slime made by junctional pore complex

need S layer (crystalline protein encasing outer membrane)

58
Q

how do some cells control direction movement

A

helical oscillin fibrils (grooved structures on top of S layer)

59
Q

what energy does gliding motility require

A 
membrane potential (energised membrane)
not ATP
60
Q

what controls rate of movement

A

rate of movement proportional to rate of mucilage secretion

61
Q

where is the junctional pore complex and what occurs here

A

JPC spans entire Gram negative cell wall, seems to be actual site of slime secretion

62
Q

what does the slime do in gliding motility

A

slime flows in tight contact with surface of oscillin fibrils and guides rotation of filament

63
Q

how do cells move in gliding motility using the slime

A

grooves are set diagonally across the cell
pumping slime into grooves
creates rotational movement
oscilin fibrils not on all cells
oscilin helps them move forward
when want to change direction will change which pump they use

64
Q

what does flagella mediated motility need

A

flagella assembly

65
Q

what is swarming motility

A

surface induced change in cell morphology

66
Q

what is twitching motility

A

uses pili rather than flagellae

67
Q

what is gliding motility

A

mediated by slime production

68
Q

what is surface spreading

A

requires secretion complex to secrete surfactant, allow the cells to spread out following
growth

69
Q

what do Swarmer cells inhibit

A

cytokinesis step

70
Q

what are sheathed bacteria similar to

A

flagella

Physiology of Microbes (21 decks)

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