LT Plants Flashcards
What are the three main organs of vascular plants?
Roots: Absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Stem: Supports leaves and transports water, nutrients, and products of photosynthesis.
Leaves: Capture sunlight, absorb carbon dioxide, and release oxygen during photosynthesis.
What are the four major groups of land plants?
Bryophytes: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts.
Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns, lycophytes.
Gymnosperms: Conifers, cycads.
Angiosperms: Flowering plants.
What adaptations allow plants to survive on land?
Waxy cuticle: Prevents water loss.
Stomata: Regulates gas exchange and water loss.
Vascular tissue: Transports water and nutrients (xylem) and food (phloem).
True leaves, stems, and roots: Structural support and specialized functions.
How do plants adapt for reproduction on land?
Pollen: Protects sperm from drying out and aids in dispersal (e.g., wind, animals).
Seeds: Protect embryos, provide food storage, and enable dispersal.
Flowers (in angiosperms): Attract pollinators for pollen dispersal.
Fruits (in angiosperms): Aid in seed dispersal (e.g., wind, water, animals).
What are bryophytes, and what are their adaptations and limitations for survival and limitations for reproduction?
- Small plants with no vascular tissue.
- Adaptations:
Some have a cuticle and stomata.
Rhizoids for anchoring the plant to the soil - Limitations for survival:
No vascular tissue or other tissues
Rely on cell-to-cell diffusion to transport materials
Little support out of water - Limitations for reproduction:
Depend on water for sperm to swim.
Embryos and gametes susceptible to desiccation (drying out).
Limited dispersal of embryos
Seedless vascular plants adaptations for survival and limitation for reproduction?
- Have vascular tissue, enabling upright growth and better nutrient transport.
- Adaptations:
Cuticle
Stomata
Vascular tissue
True leaves, stems, and roots - Limitations:
Flagellated sperm requires water to swim.
Embryos and gametes at risk of desiccation (drying out)
Limited dispersal of embryos
What are the key features of gymnosperms?
- Produce pollen and seeds:
- Pollen: Disperses sperm, protected from desiccation.
- Seeds: Contain embryos with food storage and protective coats. - Cones:
- Male cones produce pollen.
- Female cones produce ovules and seeds after fertilization.
Adaptations for survival and reproduction in gymnosperms
Adaptations for survival:
- Cuticle
- Stomata
- Vascular tissue
- True leaves, stems, and roots
Adaptations for reproduction:
- Pollen
- Ovules
- Seeds
How are angiosperms unique among plants?
- Flowers: Reproductive organs that produce pollen and ovules.
- Fruits: Develop from the ovary to protect and aid in seed dispersal.
- More diverse adaptations for pollination and seed dispersal (e.g., colorful flowers attract insects, fruits attach to animals or float).
Adaptations for survival and reproduction in angiosperms
Adaptations for survival:
- Cuticle
- Stomata
- Vascular tissue
- True leaves, stems, and roots
Adaptations for reproduction:
- Pollen and Ovules in flowers
- Seeds in fruits
What are the functions of a leaf?
- Capture sunlight for photosynthesis.
- Exchange gases (CO₂ in, O₂ out).
- Minimize water loss via the cuticle and stomata.
What are the structures of a leaf?
1. Epidermis
2. Cuticle
3. Stomata
4. Guard cells
5. Palisade mesophyll
6. Spongy mesophyll
7. Vascular bundles
- Epidermis: Protective outer layer.
- Cuticle: Waxy layer preventing water loss.
- Stomata: Pores for gas exchange.
- Guard cells: Control the opening and closing of stomata.
- Palisade mesophyll: Densely packed photosynthetic cells.
- Spongy mesophyll: Loosely packed cells for gas movement.
- Vascular bundles: Contain xylem (water transport) and phloem (sugar transport).
What is geotropism (gravitropism)?
Plant growth in response to gravity.
Shoots grow upward (negative gravitropism).
Roots grow downward (positive gravitropism).
What are phytohormones, and how do they affect plants?
- Organic molecules that regulate growth and development.
- Can stimulate or inhibit growth based on concentration and developmental stage.
What are the male and female parts of a flower?
- Male part (stamen):
- Anther: Produces pollen.
- Filament: Supports the anther. - Female part (pistil):
- Ovary: Contains ovules.
- Style: Slender tube leading to stigma.
- Stigma: Captures pollen.
