LST 2

Question 1

Who put forward the three types of conformity?

Answer 1

Kelman (1958)

Question 2

Who proposed the two explanations for conformity?

Answer 2

Deutsch and Gerard (1955)

Question 3

Define conformity

Answer 3

A change in a person’s behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people.

Question 4

What is the relationship between conformity and group size?

Answer 4

Conformity increases with group size but only up to a point – it then begins to level off when the majority was greater than three.

Question 5

** 2. What percentage in Asch’s 1951 study not conform to ANY trials?
**

Answer 5

25%

Question 6

How many trials in Asch’s study?

Answer 6

18 (12 critical)

Question 7

When investigating unanimity, the presence of a dissenting confederate meant conformity was reduced by ________ from the level it was when the majority was unanimous.

Answer 7

A quarter

Question 8

Why was the task difficulty variation conduced in 1955 an example of ISI?

Answer 8

As the situation was more ambiguous and thus ppts. looked to others for guidance.

Question 9

How did Perrin and Spencer’s 1980 study question Asch’s 1951 study?

Answer 9

Only one engineering student conformed in a total of 396 trials – suggesting that not everyone conforms for social approval.

Question 10

Who found that women are more conformist – questioning whether Asch’s study on 123 male ppts applies to women. Neto 1995 or any other correct study.

Answer 10

Netto 1995

Question 11

Define social roles.

Answer 11

The ‘parts’ people play as members of social groups. These are accompanied by expectations society has on appropriate behaviour for each role.

Question 12

How many rules did Zimbardo’s prisoners have to follow?

Answer 12

16

Question 13

Name three items guards given to underlie their role?

Answer 13

Wooden club, handcuffs, keys, whistle, mirror sunglasses, khaki uniform.

Question 14

How many men were chosen to participate?

Answer 14

24 (TWO WERE RESERVES - /22 participating)

Question 15

The experiment ended after how many days?

Answer 15

6 instead of 14

Question 16

How many days until prisoners rebeled?

Answer 16

2

Question 17

Which prisoner suffered from emotional disturbance?

Answer 17

8612

Question 18

How many male participants were recruited in M’s study?

Answer 18

40

Question 19

Milgram

What was the name of the confederate who always ended up as the learner?

Answer 19

Mr Wallace

Question 19

How old were Milrgam’s ppts?

Answer 19

20-50 years old

Question 20

The learner was strapped in a chair wired with…

Answer 20

electrodes.

Question 21

To increase realism what happened to the teacher before commencing the study?

Answer 21

Shocks were given

Question 22

300 volts is what type of shock?

Answer 22

Intense shock

Question 23

At what voltage was there no further response from the learner?

Answer 23

No response after 315V and the teacher was told that an absence of a response should be treated as an incorrect answer

Question 24

# milgram Name 3 prods

Answer 24

**Please continue**, the experiments required you to continue, **it is absolutely essential that you continue**, **you have no other choice you must go on.**

Question 25

What % of ppts stopped at 300V?

Answer 25

12.5%

Question 26

Qualitative data in Milgram?

Answer 26

Observations of extreme tension – stuttering, biting lips etc.

Question 27

What % of ppts were glad to have taken part?

Answer 27

84%

Question 28

Define proximity

Answer 28

The physical closeness or distance of an authority figure to the person they are giving an order to

Question 29

When the teacher and learner were no longer in adjoining rooms, what % did the obedience rate drop to?

Answer 29

65% to 40%

Question 30

When the teacher forced the learner’s hand to an electroshock plate, what % did the obedience rate drop to?

Answer 30

65% to 30%

Question 31

When the experimenter gave orders over the phone, what % did the obedience rate drop to?

Answer 31

65% to 20.5%

Question 32

When the experiment was conducted in a run-down office block, what % did the obedience rate drop to?

Answer 32

65% to 47.5%

Question 33

When the experimenter wore ordinary clothes, what % did the obedience rate drop to?

Answer 33

65% to 20%

Question 34

Who conducted a 1974 field experiment which supported the idea that uniform impacts obedience rates?

Answer 34

Bickman

Question 35

Why have Smith and Bond (1998) critiqued M’s work?

Answer 35

May not apply to the non-western world – only replicated in the west.

Question 36

What is the link between LOA and social hierarchy?

Answer 36

Authority is classed as legitimate based on cultural norms regarding position in the social hierarchy. Those we accept as authority figures are able to exercise social power.

Question 37

Where do we learn to accept LOA?

Answer 37

childhood

Question 38

Define destructive authority

Answer 38

Leaders use authority for destructive purposes

Question 39

What are binding factors?

Answer 39

Aspects of a situation that enable people to ignore or minimise the damaging effect of their behaviour and allows them to reduce the moral strain they are feeling.

Question 40

In which country did only 16% of participants go to the top of the voltage scale showing that legitimacy of authority can account for why people obeyed (shows that LOA is useful in accounting for cross-cultural differences).

Answer 40

Australia

Question 41

Adorno argues that fear is displaced onto others who are perceived to be weaker – what approach is this based on?

Answer 41

Psychodynamic

Question 42

How many middle class people were investigated by Adorno (1950)?

Answer 42

2000 middle class white Americans

Question 43

Social support can help individuals to resist obedience. In the presence of someone who disobeys what obedience rate did Milgram’s study drop to?

Answer 43

65% to 10%

Question 44

Who proposed the concept of LOC?

Answer 44

Rotter (1966)

Question 45

Define LOC

Answer 45

The sense we each have about what directs the events in our lives.

Question 46

People with a high internal LOC have what characteristics _______

Answer 46

Self confident, achievement-orientated, higher intelligence and less need for social approval

Question 47

Which study supported consistency looking into blue-green slides?

Answer 47

Moscovici

Question 48

What is the augmentation principle?

Answer 48

When people pay more attention to the cause

Question 49

What is social crypto amnesia?

Answer 49

Where peope have a memory that a change occured but don't remember how it happens