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Cardiopulm Midterm > Lower Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the lower respiratory tract begin? What does it include?

A

trachea

bronchi, bronchial tubes, lungs (alveoli)

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2
Q

What are the trachea, bronchi, and bronchial tubes lined with?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cilia in the lower respiratory tract?

A

move mucous toward the laryngopharynx where it can be swallowed or coughed up

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4
Q

What is the trachea continuous with?

A

larynx

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5
Q

Where does the trachea extend from? to?

A

C6 vertebra to sternal angle at T4

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6
Q

Where is the transverse thoracic plane?

A

through sternal angle to intervertebral disc between T4-T5

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7
Q

What does the transverse thoracic plane intersect?

A

the midline of the trachea where it bifurcates into the two main bronchi

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8
Q

What is the size of the trachea in adults?

A

3/4” diameter and 3 1/2 to 5 “ long

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9
Q

What is the shape of the trachea?

A

cylinder with a cross-sectional profile shaped like a horseshoe

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10
Q

What is the trachea composed of?

A

U shaped hyaline cartilage rings, smooth muscle on the posterior wall next to esophagus, and mucous glands

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11
Q

What is the blood supply of the trachea?

A

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the right main bronchus?

A

larger diameter, more vertical, shorter length

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the left main bronchus?

A

smaller diameter, less vertical, longer length

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14
Q

How many secondary lobar bronchi does each side have?

A

3 on right, 2 on left

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15
Q

How many tertiary segmental bronchi does each side have

A

10 on right: 3, 2, 5

8 on left: 4, 4

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16
Q

What are the terminal bronchioles? What are they composed of?

A

branches of segmental bronchi

smooth muscle fibers, no cartilage

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17
Q

What do the respiratory bronchioles contain?

A

alveoli and smooth muscle

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18
Q

What is the thickness of alveloi? How are they organized? What are they surrounded by?

A

1 cell thick, clusters, dense capillary network

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19
Q

What is the blood supply of the bronchi?

A

3 bronchial arteries (2 left, 1 right) from descending aorta. part of systemic circulation

20
Q

What veins drain the bronchi and alveoli?

A

bronchial veins to the axygos veins which are tributaries to the superior vena cava

21
Q

What is the oblique fissure?

A

divides left lung into upper and lower lobes; divides right lung into middle and lower lobe and upper and lower lobes

22
Q

What is the horizontal fissure?

A

only in right lung, divides upper lobe from middle lobe

23
Q

Where is the cardiac notch located?

A

upper lobe of the left lung adjacent to the heart

24
Q

Where is the lingula? What is its shape?

A

lower lobe of left lung adjacent to cardiac notch; shaped like a tongue

25
Q

Where is the apex of the lungs?

A

above the first ribs; also known as the cupola

26
Q

Where is the base of the lungs?

A

adjacent to the respiratory diaphragm at inferior border

27
Q

What does the hilum contain?

A

structures entering and exiting lungs: bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial vessels

28
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

serous membrane covering the external surface of the lungs

29
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk emerge?

A

from right ventricle

30
Q

What is the alveolar capillary network?

A

functional part of pulmonary circulation; surface equal to surface area of all combined capillaries in the organs of the body

31
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary veins?

A

collect blood from alveoli and return it to the left atrium

32
Q

Where are the sensory (GVA neurons) contained?

A

in vagus nerve (CN X)

33
Q

Where are stretch receptors contained?

A

in alveoli and smooth muscles

34
Q

Where are irritant receptors located?

A

respiratory epithelium

35
Q

What is the function of tactile receptors?

A

detects foreign substances for cough reflex

36
Q

Where are baroreceptors of lungs? function?

A

in pulmonary arteries, measure BP in pulmonary circulation

37
Q

Where are chemoreceptors in lungs? function?

A

pulmonary veins, detect blood gases

38
Q

Where are the motor (GVE neurons) contained?

A

autonomic fibers in pulmonary nerve plexus

39
Q

What are sympathetic (post-ganglionic) nerve fibers? function?

A

smooth muscles and glands

inhibit glandular secretion, induce vasoconstriction of bronchial vessels, dilate bronchial tubes

40
Q

What are parasympathetic nerve fibers? function?

A

smooth muscle and glands

increase glandular secretion, induce vasodilation of bronchial vessels, and constrict bronchial tubes

41
Q

Where are pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers contributed to?

A

pulmonary nerve plexus by vagal nerves CN X

42
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic parasympthetic and post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse?

A

surfaces of bronchial tubes and bronchial vessels

43
Q

Where is the superficial plexus of the lymphatics of lower respiratory tract? What does it drain?

A

deep to visceral pleura; drains lymph from the visceral pleura and lung parenchyma to the bonchopulmonary lymph nodes in the hilum

44
Q

Where is the deep plexus of the lymphatics of lower respiratory tract? What does it drain?

A

substance of the bronchi; drains lymph from the bronchi to pulmonary lymph nodes near the hilum and then goes to bronchopulmonary nodes in the hilum

45
Q

What is the order of drainage of the lymph nodes of the lower respiratory system?

A

pulmonary nodes, bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes, tracheobronchial nodes, and tracheal nodes

46
Q

Where does the right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drain?

A

lymph from the right side of the trachea to the right lymphatic duct

47
Q

Where does the left bronchomediastinal lymph trunk drain?

A

lymph from the left side of the trachea to the thoracic duct

Cardiopulm Midterm (6 decks)

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