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Cardiopulm Midterm > Anatomy of Autonomics: An Introduction > Flashcards

Anatomy of Autonomics: An Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS divided into functionally?

A

sensory and motor divisions

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2
Q

What are sensory and motor inputs of the PNS subdivided into?

A

somatic (body) and visceral (guts)

general and special

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3
Q

What is the afferent division?

A

sensory

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4
Q

What is the efferent division?

A

motor

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5
Q

What are general somatic sensory functions?

A

touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs

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6
Q

What are special somatic sensory functions?

A

hearing, equilibrium, and vision

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7
Q

What does the somatic motor nervous system innervate?

A

all skeletal muscles

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8
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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9
Q

What is the ANS divided into?

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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10
Q

What does the general visceral motor division of the PNS regulate?

A

heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and urination

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11
Q

Is there pain when visceral organs are cut?

A

no

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12
Q

What causes pain in visceral organs?

A

chemical irritation or inflammation

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13
Q

What is visceral pain perceived as?

A

somatic origin, referred pain

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14
Q

Where are the presynaptic neurons located?

A

in the CNS

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15
Q

Where are the postsynaptic neurons located?

A

in the periphery

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16
Q

What is the function of the ANS?

A

regulate involuntary (unconscious) body functions and maintain internal physiological homeostasis

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17
Q

Which ANS division is catabolic?

A

sympathetic

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18
Q

Where is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

all vascularized portions of body

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19
Q

What is the sympathetic ANS responsible for? Exception?

A

vasoconstriction of vessels.

Exception: coronary arteries

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20
Q

Which division of ANS is anabolic?

A

parasympathetic conserves energy

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21
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ANS located?

A

head, neck, body cavities, genitalia

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22
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ANS not found?

A

body wall or limbs

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23
Q

Is glandular secretion sympthetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic except sweat glands

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24
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on eyes

A

dilates pupil

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25
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on skin

A

arrector muscles: causes hair to stand on end
peripheral blood vessels: vasoconstricts (blanching skin, lips, and fingertips blue)
sweat glands: promotes sweating

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26
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on other glands

A

lacrimal glands: slightly decreases secretion

salivary glands: salvation decreases, becomes thicker, more viscous

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27
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart

A

increases rate and strength of contraction; inhibits parasympathetic effects on coronary vessels allowing dilation

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28
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on lungs

A

inhibits effects of parasympathetic system, resulting in bronchodilation and reduced secretion, allowing maximum air exchange

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29
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on digestive tract

A

inhibits peristalsis, and constricts blood vessels to digestive tract so that blood is available to skeletal muscle; contracts internal anal sphincter to aid fecal continence

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30
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on liver and gallbladder

A

promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose (for increased energy)

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31
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on urinary tract

A

vasoconstriction of renal vessels slows urine formation; internal sphincter of bladder contracted to maintain urinary continence

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32
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on genital system

A

causes ejaculation and vasoconstriction resulting in remission of erection

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33
Q

effect of sympathetic stimulation on supraenal medulla

A

release of adrenaline into blood

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34
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on eyes

A

pupil: constricts

ciliary body: contracts allowing lens to thicken for near vision

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35
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on skin

A

arrector muscles: none
peripheral blood vessels: none
sweat glands: none

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36
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on other glands

A

lacrimal glands: promotes secretion

salivary glands: promotes abundant, watery secretion

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37
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on heart

A

decreases the rate and strength of contraction (conserving energy); constricts coronary vessels in relation to reduced demand

38
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on lungs

A

constricts bronchi (conserving energy) and promote bronchial secretion

39
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on digestive tract

A

stimulates peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices

contracts rectum, inhibit internal anal sphincter to cause defecation

40
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on liver and gallbladder

A

promotes building/conservation of glycogen; increases secretion of bile

41
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on urinary tract

A

inhibits contraction of internal sphincter of bladder, contracts detrusor muscle of the bladder wall causing urination

42
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on genital system

A

produces engorgement (erection) of erectile tissues of the external genitals

43
Q

effect of parasympathetic stimulation on suprarenal medulla

A

no effect (doesn’t innervate)

44
Q

length of postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers of sympathetic

A

long postsynaptic fibers

45
Q

length of postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers of parasympathetic

A

short postsynaptic fibers

46
Q

branching of sympathetic fibers

A

highly branched to influence many organs at once

47
Q

branching of parasympathetic fibers

A

few branches for localized effect

48
Q

Neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postsynaptic axons

A

most release norepinephrine (adrenergic) except sweat glands (cholinergic)

49
Q

Neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postsynaptic axons

A

acetylcholine (cholinergic)

50
Q

Neurotransmitter released by presynaptic neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

both release cholinergic neurotransmitters

51
Q

Where are presynaptic (preganglionic) neurons of the sympathetic division found?

A

intermediolatearl (lateral) gray horn of spinal cord (between anterior and posterior horns)

52
Q

Where do presynaptic fibers of the sympathetic division exit?

A

spinal nerves ventral roots T1 to L2/3

53
Q

length of presynaptic fibers of sympathetic division

A

short

54
Q

What are sympathetic trunk ganglia also called?

A

paravertebral or chain ganglia

55
Q

Where are sympathetic trunk ganglia found?

A

both sides of the vertebral column

56
Q

What does the sympathetic division supply?

A

entire body with sympathetic innervation

57
Q

Where does the chain of ganglia extend?

A

uppermost cervical level to coccyx level

58
Q

Where are the additional sympathetic ganglia located?

What are they called?

A

outside the chain of ganglia around the vascular branches of the anterior abdominal aorta
collateral, prevertebral, or preaortic ganglia

59
Q

Where are the presynaptic sympathetic neuron cell bodies located?

A

lateral horn

60
Q

What do communicating nerves in the sympathetic trunk do? What are they called?

A

transmit the presynaptic axons and posynaptic axons from the spinal nerves
white rami communicans

61
Q

Where do postsynaptic sympathetic axons reenter the spinal nerves?

A

gray rami communicans

62
Q

Where are gray rami communicans found?

A

C1 to Co1

63
Q

Where is post synaptic sympathetic innervation distributed?

A

body walls and extremities - arrector pilli muscles, sweat glands, blood vessels

64
Q

Are sympathetic presynaptic neurons myelinated?

A

yes

65
Q

What is the path of sympathetic neurons?

A

spinal cord (intermediolatearl horn) send myelinated axons through adjacent ventral root into spinal nerve, white rami communicans carry axons from spinal nerve to associated sympathetic trunk ganglia where they synapse, gray rami communicans carry postsynaptic fibers back to spinal nerve through ventral and dorsal rami to travel to peripheral structures

66
Q

Can sympathetic pathway synapse at levels other than the same vertebrae?

A

yes, a level up or down especially in cervical and sacral levels

67
Q

What is a splanchnic nerve?

A

term used to describe nerves transmitting axons of either sympathetic or parasympathetic neurons that supply the viscera

68
Q

Where are thoracic splanchnic nerves found?

A

abdomen and pelvis

69
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves lie?

A

anterior to the vertebral column

70
Q

Where do splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

prevertebral (collateral) ganglia on the abdominal aorta, celiac, and superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

71
Q

What is the function of prevertebral ganglia?

A

inhibit activity of muscles and glands in visceral organs

72
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

major organ of the sympathetic nervous system

73
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic fibers of the adrenal medulla synapse?

A

medullary chromaffin cells

74
Q

What do chromaffin cells release?

A

great quantities of norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood

75
Q

What is the exception to the 2-neuron pathway for the ANS?

A

adrenal medulla

76
Q

Which presynaptic sympathetic neuron axons pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing?

A

T8-L1

77
Q

After passing though the sympathetic trunk without synapsing, what do T8-L1 presynaptic sympathetic neuron axons go?

A

enter abdomen as splanchnic nerves to adrenal medulla to synapse on chromaffin cells (nonneurons)

78
Q

What is cranial outflow?

A

presynaptic parasympthetic neurons located in the brainstem exiting via cranial nerves that innervate organs of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen

79
Q

Where does sacral outflow emerge from? supply and innervate?

A

S2-S4

organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen

80
Q

Where are presynaptic cell bodies of the sacral outflow of parasympathetic nervous system? Where do axons run?

A

visceral motor region of spinal gray matter (intermediolateral column)
axons run in ventral roots out via ventral rami

81
Q

Where are pelvic splanchnic nerves formed?

A

sacral outflow, distributed via inferior hypogastric plexus to the viscera where they synapse with postsynaptic neurons within the organs

82
Q

What cranial nerves do the presynaptic parasympathetic neurons leave the brainstem?

A

III, VII, IX, X

83
Q

What cranial nerves are the post synaptic parasympathetic cranial portion neurons associated with?

A

III, VII, and IX

84
Q

What ganglia are the postsynaptic neurons of the parasympathetic cranial portion located?

A

ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia

85
Q

What do the postsynaptic fibers from ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia innervate?

A

smooth muscle in the eye, lacrimal and salivary glands, and nasal and oral mucosa

86
Q

What cranial nerve do presynaptic parasympathetic fibers travel down into thorax and abdomen?

A

CN X vagus nerve

87
Q

Where are presynaptic parasympathetic sacral portion located?

A

S2-S4 of sacral spinal cord

88
Q

What is the path of the presynaptic fibers of parasympathetic sacral part?

A

pass through anterior rami and then branch off as pelvic splanchnic nerves that make their way to the pelvic viscera via hypogastric plexus and synapse with postsynaptic neurons located within the pelvic and lower GI viscera

89
Q

What does the enteric nervous system consist of?

A

neurons in the wall of the GI tract from the esophagus to the anus. Also include postsynaptic neurons of cranial nerve X and pelvic splanchnic nerves.

90
Q

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?

A

autonomous functions such as GI reflexes (sensory and motor)

91
Q

Where are enteric neurons located?

A

smooth muscle layer of the stomach and intestines and in submucosa

Cardiopulm Midterm (6 decks)

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