lower limb muscles Flashcards
wat type of tissue is fascia and what 3 things does it do?
fibrous
lines, separates,invests
out of the 3 types of fascia, which surrounds muscle?
deep
what ligament does the fascia lata proximally start at and where does it end?
inguinal
bony prominences of tibia
what do you call the deep fascia of the leg?
crural fascia
the fascia lata gives rise to 3 intermuscular septa. which is the thickest and why?
lateral-reinforcement from iliotibial tract
What is the name of the saphenous opening in the fascia lata?
ovoid hiatus
what structure passes through the saphenous opening?
great saphenous vein
when does a femoral hernia become exceptionally noticable?
protrusion through saphenous opening producing swelling inferior to inguinal ligament
what movements does the iliotibial tract assist in?
illio tibial tract, extend abduct lat! (extend, abduct and lateral rotation of hip) and lat stabilisation of knee joint
what is the role of the tensor fascia lata muscle?
tensor fascia lata
flex, abduct, int rotata of hip
what happens as a result of the fascia lata being pulled taut by the tensor fascia lata?
-forces muscle groups closer together within their intermuscular septa so closer to humerus. prevents outward movement of muscles and centralises muscle weight, thus reducing force required to move hip
what is an additonal, important property of tensing the fascia lata?
compresses DEEP veins to ensure sufficient venous return occurs
what fascia completely covers iliacus and psoas region and blends with the fascia lata superiorly?
deep iliac fascia
what is the advantage of using fascia lata over an artificial product in a transplantation?
already well vascularised. no need for microvascular anastomoses
what muscle act to mainly abduct and extend the hip?
they abduct and extend…..the 3 glutei and TFL friend!
gluteus maximus, medius and minimus and tensor fascia lata
whats the difference in nerve innervation between the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius/minimus/tensor fascia lata?
maximus=inferior gluteal nerve
medius/minumus=superior
Damage to what nerve causes trendelenburg’s sign?
superior gluteal nerve
what happens to which muscles in a positive test for trendelenburgs?
glutues medius and minimus on opposite side of leg being raised cannot contract to hold the pelvis up
name the 5 deep gluteal muscles and their innervations.
piriformis-nerve to piriformis
superior gemelli-nerve to obturator internus
inferior gemelli-nerve to quadratus femoris
obturator internus-nerve to obturator internus
quadratus femoris-nerve to quadratus femoris
what muscle is a landmark in the gluteal region and why?
piriformis
- divides superior and inferior gluteal nerves
- sciatic nerve (peripheral) runs beneath piriformis
name the 8 anterior muscles of the thigh
illiopsoas (psoas major and iliacus)
quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris,vastus medialis, intermedius and lateralis)
pectineus
sartorius
what part of the lumbar spine does the femoral nerve originate from?
L2-4
which muscle in the anterior thigh does NOT receive innervation from the femoral nerve? what nerve innervates it?
psoas major-anterior rami of L1-3
which muscle in the anterior thigh receives innervation from the femoral nerve and another part of a nerve? what nerve is it? and why?
pectineus
obturator nerve
-near to medial muscles which are innervated by obturator
describe how you would test for femoral nerve damage with the quad femoris?
supine
- flex leg
- ask to extend whilst resisting
- should see contraction of muscle
name the 5 muscles of the medial thigh
gracillis, obturator externus, adductor longus, brevis, magnus
name the 2 parts of the adductor magnus
adductor part
hamstring part
which quad femoris muscle is the only one to cross hip and knee joint and as a result cause what movements?
rectus femoris
flexion at hip
extension at the knee
what muscle separates the anterior and posterior branches of the obturator nerve?
adductor brevis
what is the most superior medial muscle?
obturator externus
what medial thigh compartment muscle is usually transplanted into an arm or hand?
gracillis
name the 3 posterior muscles of the thigh from lateral to medial and their innervation.
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus SCIATIC NERVE
name the anterior muscles of the leg
extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, tibialis anterior,fibularis tertius
what are the 2 main actions of the anterior leg muscles?
dorsiflex foot and inversion
what is the nervous and arterial supply to the anterior leg?
deep fibular nerve
anterior tibial artery
apart from dorsiflexion, what else does the fibularis tertius do?
eversion of foot
Damage to the common fibular nerve from which the deep fibular nerve arises is called what? what happens as a result?
foot drop
unupposed plantar flexion
name the 2 muscles of the lateral leg, with both ways to say their name.
fibularis/peroneal longus
fibularis/peroneal brevis
what is the main role of the lateral leg muscles?
eversion
stop excessive inversion
what is the innervation to the lateral leg muscles?
superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve L4-S1
what is the role of the peroneal/fibularis longus?
evert and plantar flexion of foot
role of fib/peroneal brevis?
eversion
how can you locate the common fibular nerve (bifurcates into superficial and deep) during dissection?
-gap within fibularis longus muscle between head and neck of fibula that it runs through
what are the muscles of the posterior leg innervated by and what are their main actions?
tibial nerve
plantar flexion and inversion of foot
name the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior leg.
Which 2 plantar flex as well as flex the knee (cross knee joint) and which muscle just plantar flexes?
gastrocnemius-plantar flex and flex at knee
plantaris-plantar flex and flex at knee
soleus -just plantar flex
what attaches the posterior superficial leg muscles to the foot (what bone of foot?) and what 2 bursa are present?
calcaneus tendon to calcaneus of foot
- subcutaneous calcaneus bursa
- deep bursa of calcaneal tendon
what happens to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles when the calcaneus tendon ruptures?
contract to form a lump
name the 4 muscles of the deep posterior leg
tibialis posterior
popliteus
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
which deep posterior leg muscle acts at the knee joint?
popliteus
what is the role of the popliteus?
laterally rotates the femur on the tibia to unlock knee and allow flexion
name the 2 intrinsic dorsal muscles of the foot and their innervations.
extensor digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis longus
deep fibular nerve
which 2 nerves supply the plantar side of th foot and what are they branches of?
medial and lateral plantar nerves
tibial nerve
name the 3 muscles in the first layer of the plantar foot. most superficial Name their innervations
abductor hallucis-medial plantar nerve
flexor digitorum brevis-medial plantar
abductor digiti minimi-lateral plantar
nmae the 2 muscles of the second layer of the plantar foot. what are their innervations?
quadratus plantae-lat plantar
lumbricals-medial 1=medial plantar, rest is lateral plantar
name the 3 muscles of the third layer of the plantar foot. what are their innervations?
flexor hallucis brevis-medial plantar
flexor digiti minimi brevis-lat plantar
adductor hallucis-lat plantar
name the 2 muscles of the foruth layer of the plantar foot and their innervations.
dorsal interossei-lat plantar
plantar interossei-lat plantar
what 2 muscles invert the foot?
posterior and anterior tibialis muscles
what muscle everts the foot?
fibularis tertius
what are the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus inserting onto the medial tibia called collectively?
pes anserinus (gooses leg)
