All upper limb anatomy Flashcards
what muscles make up the quadrangular space (medial, lateral, superior, inferior?
medial-long head of triceps brachii
lateral-surgical neck of humerus
superior-teres minor and subscapularis
inferior-teres major
what space do the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery pass through?
quadrangular space
the axillary nerve terminates into what two branches?
anterior and posterior branch
what does the anterior branch of the axillary nerve do?
provide motor innervation to deltoid MAD (motor, anterior, deltoid)
what does the posterior branch of the axillary nerve do?
- motor innervation of teres minor
- sensory innervation of inferior part of deltoid
After innervating the motor function of teres minor, what does the posterior branch of the axillary nerve continue as?
upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
what is the specific name of the area that the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm innervates?
regimental badge
what nerve innervates the lateral aspect of the forearm and which nerve of the brachial plexus does it derive from?
- lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm
- musculocutaneus
what branch of the median nerve supplies the deep muscles of the anterior forearm?
-anterior interosseous nerve
what branch of the median nerve does not pass through the carpal tunnel?
palmar cutaneous nerve
what does the recurrent branch of the median nerve innervate?
thenar muscles
what does the palmar digital branch of the median nerve innervate?
- innervates 3 and a half fingers
- lateral 2 lumbricals
what does the palmar digital cutaneous branch of the median nerve innervate?
- lateral 3 and a half digits on palmar side
- half of lateral 3 and a half digits on dorsal side
Superficial and deep radial nerve branches. Which one is sensory and which one is motor innervation?
superficial=sensory
deep=motor
what are the names of the 4 branches of the radial nerve that provide sensory innervation and which areas do they innervate?
- lower lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
- posterior cutaneous nerve of arm
- posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
- superficial branch-lateral part of dorsal hand and 3 and a half lateral fingers
Radial nerve damage in the axilla-motor and sensory loss?
yes
Radial nerve damage in the radial groove. Does it fully damage triceps brachii? What happens in sensory innervation?
- no, only partially
- only superficial branch out of 4 cutaneous nerves affected as other branches already arisen. Loss of hand innervation
Name 2 other injuries of radial nerve besides axilla and radial groove injuries.
- deep branch injury (motor loss)
- superficial branch injury (sensory loss)
In superficial and deep branch of radial nerve injuries, how do they occur and what happens?
-superficial=laceration or stabbing
-deep=radial head fracture
Sensory-hand innervation lost
Motor-post forearm muscles affected, however ECRL is strong extensor and isnt affected so WRIST DROP does NOT occur
name the 3 branches of the ulna nerve and state what sensory innervation they carry out.
- palmar cutaneous branch-palm of palmar surface
- dorsal cutaneous branch-dorsal medial one and a half fingers and palm area
- superficial branch-palmar medial one and a half fingers
what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
plane
what are the articular surfaces of the AC joint covered with?
fibrocartilage
name the 3 ligaments involved with the AC and group together 2 of them to give them a collective name.
- acromioclavicular
- trapezoid
- conoid
- trapezoid and conoid make up coracoclavicular
Name the 2 arteries that supply the AC joint. Where does each artery arise from?
suprascapular artery-subclavian from thyrocervical trunk
thoraco-acromial artery -axillary artery
what 2 nerves innervate the acromioclavicular joint?
- lateral pectoral nerve
- suprascapular
what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
saddle
what are the articular surfaces of the SC joint covered with?
fibrocartilage
name the 4 major ligaments of the SC joint.
post and ant sternoclavicular
costoclavicular
interclavicular
what 2 arteries supply the SC joint?
- internal thoracic artery
- suprascapular
what 2 nerves supply the SC joint?
- nerve to subclavius
- medial supraclavicular
Name 5 movements that require the SC joint?
-elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, rotation
what are most synovial joints lined with?
hyaline cartilage
what is the name of the fibrocartilage rim that surrounds the glenoid fossa to give the glenohumeral joint more stability?
glenoid labrum
Name 2 bursae around the shoulder joint.
- subacromial
- subscapular
Name 4 ligaments associated with the glenohumeral joint and explain their salient functions.
- transverse ligament-keeps long head of biceps tendon in intertubercular groove
- coracoacromial-prevents superior displacement of humeral head
- glenohumeral-stabilise anterior aspect of joint
- coracohumeral
what 2 arteries supply the glenohumeral joint?
- posterior and anterior circumflex arteries
- suprascapular artery
what 3 nerves innervate the joint and consequently because of their C5 and 6 origins, can be damaged by what injury?
- axillary, suprascapular and lateral pectoral nerve
- erbs palsy
what is the characteristic sign of rotator cuff tendonitis and what makes it worse?
painful arc
-pain in the middle of abduction
what are the 3 articulations at the elbow joint?
- trochlea of humerus and trochlea notch of ulna
- capitulum of humerus and head of radius
- olecrannon of ulna and olecrannon fossa of humerus
Name 3 types of important bursa around the elbow joint and explain them.
intratendinous-within the tendon of the triceps brachii
subtendinous-between tendon of triceps and olecrannon
subcutaneous-between olecrannon and overlying connective tissue
what type of joint is the radioulnar joint?
pivot
what 2 bones are directly involved in supination and pronation?
radius
ulna
what are the 2 role of the fibrocartilagenous ligament-the articular disk?
- holds the radius and ulna together
- separates radioulnar joint from hand-SPECIFICALLY the ulna as it does not articulate with the carpel bones
what are the 3 functions of the interosseous membrane which is made up of connective tissue?
- transmit forces from radius to ulna
- site of attachments for muscles
- keeps radius and ulna together during pronation and supination
what happens in a monteggia fracture?
- force behind the ulna causes fracture of proximal shaft
- radius dislocates anteriorly at elbow
what happens in a galaezzis fracture?
- fracture of distal radius
- ulna dislocates at distal radio ulnar joint
Name the 3 SPECIFIC branches of nerves that supply the radio carpal point.
radius-posterior interosseous branch
median-anterior interosseous branch
ulna-deep and dorsal branch
Name the 4 ligaments of the radiocarpal joint.
- palmar radiocarpal
- dorsal radiocarpal
- ulna collateral
- radial collateral
what type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?
ellipsoid/condyloid
what can be caused from fracture of the scaphoid? where does the tenderness arise? what will the fracture increase likelihood of?
avascular necrosis
anatomical snuffbox
arthritis
what carpal bone dislocates when falling on a dorsiflexed (extended) wrist? what syndrome occurs as a result?
- lunate
- moves anteriorly and compresses contents of carpal tunnel=carpal tunnel syndrome
what 3 things occur as a result of the lunate bone dislocation?
- avascular necrosis
- parasthesia (pins and needles) of sensory distribution in median nerve area
- weakness of thenar muscles
what artery does the right subclavian artery branch from?
brachiocephalic
where does the left subclavian artery arise from?
directly from aorta
where do the subclavian arteries become the axillary arteries?
lateral border of the first rib
what arteries arise at the level of the humeral surgical neck?
anterior and posterior circumflex arteries
At the level of the humeral surgical neck, what is the name of the largest branch of the axillary artery?
subscapular artery
At what muscle does the axillary artery become the brachial?
teres major
Although rare, what 3 things can cause an axillary artery aneurysm?
- trauma
- thoracic outlet syndrome
- atherosclerosis
what can an axillary artery aneurysm cause?
- paresthesia
- muscle weakness
what artery (branch of brachial) supplies the triceps brachii?
profunda brachii
Where does the brachial artery terminate to become the radial and ulna arteries?
- cubital fossa
- posterior to brachialis muscle
which artery supplies the posterior forearm and which supplies anterior?
post=radial
ant=ulna
The radial and ulna arteries anastomose in the hand to form the 2…
- deep palmar arch
- superficial palmar arch
what artery crosses the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?
radial artery
At the border of which muscle does the basillic vein go deep and join with the brachial veins to form the axillary vein? Why else is this muscle important?
teres major
-site at which axillary artery becomes brachial
The cephalic vein enters the axilla region and terminates to become the axillary vein by moving between what two muscles?
- deltoid
- pec major
At the elbow, the cephalic and basillic veins are joined by what?
median cubital vein
The deep brachial veins are situated either side of the brachial artery. What does this aid in? What is this structure known as?
- pulsations from artery aid in venous return
- vena comitantes
what veins connect the deep and superficial veins of the upper limb?
-perforating veins
why is the median cubital vein used for venapuncture?
- superficial at anterior part of elbow
- accessible
what structures surround the jugular notch inferiorly and laterally?
- lateral=sternal ends of clavicle
- inferior=manubrium of the sternum
