Lower limb anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 structures of the pelvic girdle (3 bones of hip) and where they are positioned

A

Sacrum - base of vertebral column, Illium - superior wing like structure
Pubis - medial bone
Ischium - inferior bone

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2
Q

What are the 4 features of the femur

A

Head, neck, trochanters (bumps near neck where muscles bind), Condyles (smooth articulating surface with tibia)

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3
Q

What are the features of the tibia

A

tibial plateau - superior aspect of tibia where femur joins
tibial tuberosity - anterior bump on proximal end
medial malleolus - bony bump on medial side of ankle

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4
Q

what are the features of the fibula

A

Head - doesn’t contribute to knee sit below tibia
Lateral malleolus - latera; bump of ankle
important to ankle stability

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5
Q

What are the bones of the foot

A

tarsals (7 bones including talus and calcaneus), metatarsals, distal, middle and proximal phalanges (prox and dist in big toe)

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6
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint and what are its features and mobility

A
  • synovial - lots of bony contact
  • contact - head of femur and acetabulum (socket) deepened by acetabulum labrum
  • multiaxial movement
  • has joint capsule which seals it off
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7
Q

Describe the knee joint type, contact, and movements

A
  • hinge synovial joint (modified hinge)
  • contact with condyles of femur and tibial plateau
  • movements: uniaxial (flex/exten) subtle rotation for knee locking
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8
Q

what connective tissue is involved in the knee joint

A
  • Medial and lateral meniscus - deepens surface of tibia and increase stability
  • fibular (L) and tibial (M) collateral ligament
  • A cruciate ligament (ACL) - stabilises knee (tibia and femur)
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9
Q

What type of joint is the ankle

A

Synovial hinge

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10
Q

what boney contact does the ankle joint have

A

mortise - tib/fib
trochlea - talus

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11
Q

what are the movements of the ankle joint

A

uniaxial
- plantaflexion - toes towards ground
-Dorsiflexion - toes upwards

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12
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle

A

Medial deltoid ligaments - combination of ligaments forming triangular shape
Lateral ligaments - 3 separate ligaments (anterior talofibular ligament damaged in sprained ankle)

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13
Q

What are the 2 intertarsal joints

A

subtalar and transverse tarsal- synovial, plane/ saddle joint

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14
Q

Movements of intertarsal joints

A

inversion and eversion

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior gluteal region

A

gluteus maximus (major extensor of hip) , minimus and medius (abductors)
small adductors and external rotators

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16
Q

How are the muscles of the thigh separated

A

compartments A/P and L/M

17
Q

what are the anterior muscles of the thigh

A

Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis , intermediate and medialis) and sartorius - facilitate flexion of hip and extension of knee
innervated by femoral nerve

18
Q

What are the posterior muscles of the thigh

A

hamstrings (4 muscles) - extension at hip and flexion at knee
innervated by tibial component of sciatic nerve

19
Q

what are the medial muscles of the thigh

A

adductor magnus muscle and gracillis
adduction of hip
innervated by obturator nerve

20
Q

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor Hallucis longus (big toe)
Extensor digitorum (other toes)
Fibularis tertius (o - M fibula, I - dorsal of 5th metatarsal)

21
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A

Triceps surae - plantar and knee flexor
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus- flexion of big toe
flexor digitorum longus- flexion of other toes

innervated by tibial nerve

22
Q

what are the lateral muscles of the leg

A

fibularis longus and brevis
plantaflexion at ankle and eversion
innervated by superficial branch of common fibular

23
Q

what nerves supply to the thigh

A

Lumbar plexus splits into sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves

24
Q

What does the Sciatic nerve supply

A

posterior compartment of thigh and much of leg

25
What does the Femoral nerve supply
anterior and medial surfaces of the thigh
26
what does the obturator nerve supply
medial muscles of thigh
27
What nerves supply the leg
common, deep and superficial fibular nerve, tibial nerve
28
What arteries supply blood to the thigh
deep femoral/ femoral artery - branches into popliteal posterior to knee
29
What arteries supply blood to the leg
popliteal artery splits into A & P tibial artery Fibular artery branches of P tibial
30