Lower limb anatomy

Question 1

Name the 4 structures of the pelvic girdle (3 bones of hip) and where they are positioned

Answer 1

Sacrum - base of vertebral column, Illium - superior wing like structure
Pubis - medial bone
Ischium - inferior bone

Question 2

What are the 4 features of the femur

Answer 2

Head, neck, trochanters (bumps near neck where muscles bind), Condyles (smooth articulating surface with tibia)

Question 3

What are the features of the tibia

Answer 3

tibial plateau - superior aspect of tibia where femur joins
tibial tuberosity - anterior bump on proximal end
medial malleolus - bony bump on medial side of ankle

Question 4

what are the features of the fibula

Answer 4

Head - doesn’t contribute to knee sit below tibia
Lateral malleolus - latera; bump of ankle
important to ankle stability

Question 5

What are the bones of the foot

Answer 5

tarsals (7 bones including talus and calcaneus), metatarsals, distal, middle and proximal phalanges (prox and dist in big toe)

Question 6

What type of joint is the hip joint and what are its features and mobility

Answer 6

• synovial - lots of bony contact
• contact - head of femur and acetabulum (socket) deepened by acetabulum labrum
• multiaxial movement
• has joint capsule which seals it off

Question 7

Describe the knee joint type, contact, and movements

Answer 7

• hinge synovial joint (modified hinge)
• contact with condyles of femur and tibial plateau
• movements: uniaxial (flex/exten) subtle rotation for knee locking

Question 8

what connective tissue is involved in the knee joint

Answer 8

• Medial and lateral meniscus - deepens surface of tibia and increase stability
• fibular (L) and tibial (M) collateral ligament
• A cruciate ligament (ACL) - stabilises knee (tibia and femur)

Question 9

What type of joint is the ankle

Answer 9

Synovial hinge

Question 10

what boney contact does the ankle joint have

Answer 10

mortise - tib/fib
trochlea - talus

Question 11

what are the movements of the ankle joint

Answer 11

uniaxial
- plantaflexion - toes towards ground
-Dorsiflexion - toes upwards

Question 12

What are the ligaments of the ankle

Answer 12

Medial deltoid ligaments - combination of ligaments forming triangular shape
Lateral ligaments - 3 separate ligaments (anterior talofibular ligament damaged in sprained ankle)

Question 13

What are the 2 intertarsal joints

Answer 13

subtalar and transverse tarsal- synovial, plane/ saddle joint

Question 14

Movements of intertarsal joints

Answer 14

inversion and eversion

Question 15

What are the muscles of the posterior gluteal region

Answer 15

gluteus maximus (major extensor of hip) , minimus and medius (abductors)
small adductors and external rotators

Question 16

How are the muscles of the thigh separated

Answer 16

compartments A/P and L/M

Question 17

what are the anterior muscles of the thigh

Answer 17

Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis , intermediate and medialis) and sartorius - facilitate flexion of hip and extension of knee
innervated by femoral nerve

Question 18

What are the posterior muscles of the thigh

Answer 18

hamstrings (4 muscles) - extension at hip and flexion at knee
innervated by tibial component of sciatic nerve

Question 19

what are the medial muscles of the thigh

Answer 19

adductor magnus muscle and gracillis
adduction of hip
innervated by obturator nerve

Question 20

what are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 20

Tibialis anterior
Extensor Hallucis longus (big toe)
Extensor digitorum (other toes)
Fibularis tertius (o - M fibula, I - dorsal of 5th metatarsal)

Question 21

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 21

Triceps surae - plantar and knee flexor
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus- flexion of big toe
flexor digitorum longus- flexion of other toes

innervated by tibial nerve

Question 22

what are the lateral muscles of the leg

Answer 22

fibularis longus and brevis
plantaflexion at ankle and eversion
innervated by superficial branch of common fibular

Question 23

what nerves supply to the thigh

Answer 23

Lumbar plexus splits into sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves

Question 24

What does the Sciatic nerve supply

Answer 24

posterior compartment of thigh and much of leg

Question 25

What does the Femoral nerve supply

Answer 25

anterior and medial surfaces of the thigh

Question 26

what does the obturator nerve supply

Answer 26

medial muscles of thigh

Question 27

What nerves supply the leg

Answer 27

common, deep and superficial fibular nerve, tibial nerve

Question 28

What arteries supply blood to the thigh

Answer 28

deep femoral/ femoral artery - branches into popliteal posterior to knee

Question 29

What arteries supply blood to the leg

Answer 29

popliteal artery splits into A & P tibial artery
Fibular artery branches of P tibial