Anatomy of the Digestive system

Question 1

what does the Gastrointestinal tract involve

Answer 1

digestive organs from the lips to the anal canal

Question 2

How is the abdomen divided into quadrants

Answer 2

Horizontal and vertical line with belly button as mid point

Question 3

What are the quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 3

R/L upper & lower

Question 4

How is the abdomen split into regions

Answer 4

Midclavicular plane split the central regions vertically and Subcostal (below rib cage) and Intertubercular planes (tubercles of iliac crest) horizontally

Question 5

What are the abdominal regions

Answer 5

R&L hypochondrium, flank, groin
and centrallly the Epigastric, umbilical and pubic region

Question 6

What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum

Answer 6

Parietal : lines the abdominal wall
Visceral : Covers the organs

Question 7

What structure contains lubricating fluid forms a closed continuous sack around the body wall and organs

Answer 7

Peritoneum

Question 8

If an organ is intraperitoneal what does that mean

Answer 8

its surrounded by peritoneum on all sides (usually more mobile within the abdominal cavity)

Question 9

If an organ is retroperitoneal what does that mean

Answer 9

It is surrounded by the peritoneum only anteriorly eg, the descending colon - these organs tend to be more fixed

Question 10

What organs are retroperitoneal

Answer 10

Duodenum, Pancreas, Ascending and descending colon, rectum, kidneys + adrenal glands, Major blood vessels

Question 11

What is the name of the projecting layer of the peritoneum that is attached at the stomach and descends to create a protective pouch (attached to anterior surface of transverse colon)

Answer 11

Greater Omentum

Question 12

What is the mouths role in digestion

Answer 12

allows ingestion and begins mechanical and chemical digestion - continues into pharynx

Question 13

What is the long muscular tube that runs posteriorly to the trachea

Answer 13

Oesophagus

Question 14

Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm

Answer 14

T10

Question 15

what are the 2 sphincters of the oesophagus

Answer 15

upper/lower oesophageal sphincters

Question 16

What structures of the GI tract does the stomach connect to

Answer 16

Oesophagus & duodenum

Question 17

What are the regions of the stomach

Answer 17

Fundus - top rounded section
Cardia - where oesophagus meets the stomach
body
Pylorus - section before the duodenum (contains sphincter)

Question 18

How does the stomach accommodate food

Answer 18

when empty, muscosa and walls folded to form rugae
these then unfold to become smooth
has highly muscular walls and carries out chemical and mechanical digestion
(food called chyme when mixed with gastric juice)

Question 19

What 3 sections is the small intestine divided into

Answer 19

• duodenum - first 25cm
• jejunum - 2m
• ileum - 3m
  all function to transport digest and absorb food

Question 20

What are the structures and functions of the duodenum

Answer 20

• partially retroperitoneal
• comprised of 4 segments
  site of drainage for accessory digestive organs - liver gallbladder and pancreas
• retroperitoneal

Question 21

What are the features of the illeum/ jejunum

Answer 21

mobile and coiled continuous sections of small intestine,intraperitoneal - illeum connects to colon

Question 22

What is the function of the large intestine

Answer 22

primarily absorbs water as well as nutrients and minerals

Question 23

what are the features and structure of the colon

Answer 23

1.5m long, broad, frames abdominal cavity, has the central band taeniae coli, cecum (large pouch connecting small and large intestine) also has epiploic appendages/ fat tags

Question 24

What are the features and functions of the rectum and anal canal

Answer 24

• empty unless prepping for defecation
• 2 anal sphincters; internal- smooth muscle involuntary, external, skeletal muscle voluntary

Question 25

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands and where are they located

Answer 25

Parotid - lateral aspect of the face, anterior and inferior to the ear
Submandibular - Within the submandibular triangle of the anterior neck
Sublingual - Floor of the mouth

Question 26

What is the function of the pancreas

Answer 26

has both endocrine and exocrine functions but function in GI is exocrine.
secretes pancreatic juice that aid in digestion
endocrine - produces insulin and glucagon

Question 27

What is the structure of the pancreas

Answer 27

4 main parts
- head, neck, body and tail
- nestles in curve of duodenum
- pancreatic duct drains into 2nd descending part via major duodenal papilla