Anatomy of the Digestive system Flashcards
what does the Gastrointestinal tract involve
digestive organs from the lips to the anal canal
How is the abdomen divided into quadrants
Horizontal and vertical line with belly button as mid point
What are the quadrants of the abdomen
R/L upper & lower
How is the abdomen split into regions
Midclavicular plane split the central regions vertically and Subcostal (below rib cage) and Intertubercular planes (tubercles of iliac crest) horizontally
What are the abdominal regions
R&L hypochondrium, flank, groin
and centrallly the Epigastric, umbilical and pubic region
What are the 2 layers of the peritoneum
Parietal : lines the abdominal wall
Visceral : Covers the organs
What structure contains lubricating fluid forms a closed continuous sack around the body wall and organs
Peritoneum
If an organ is intraperitoneal what does that mean
its surrounded by peritoneum on all sides (usually more mobile within the abdominal cavity)
If an organ is retroperitoneal what does that mean
It is surrounded by the peritoneum only anteriorly eg, the descending colon - these organs tend to be more fixed
What organs are retroperitoneal
Duodenum, Pancreas, Ascending and descending colon, rectum, kidneys + adrenal glands, Major blood vessels
What is the name of the projecting layer of the peritoneum that is attached at the stomach and descends to create a protective pouch (attached to anterior surface of transverse colon)
Greater Omentum
What is the mouths role in digestion
allows ingestion and begins mechanical and chemical digestion - continues into pharynx
What is the long muscular tube that runs posteriorly to the trachea
Oesophagus
Where does the oesophagus pass through the diaphragm
T10
what are the 2 sphincters of the oesophagus
upper/lower oesophageal sphincters
What structures of the GI tract does the stomach connect to
Oesophagus & duodenum
What are the regions of the stomach
Fundus - top rounded section
Cardia - where oesophagus meets the stomach
body
Pylorus - section before the duodenum (contains sphincter)
How does the stomach accommodate food
when empty, muscosa and walls folded to form rugae
these then unfold to become smooth
has highly muscular walls and carries out chemical and mechanical digestion
(food called chyme when mixed with gastric juice)
What 3 sections is the small intestine divided into
- duodenum - first 25cm
- jejunum - 2m
- ileum - 3m
all function to transport digest and absorb food
What are the structures and functions of the duodenum
- partially retroperitoneal
- comprised of 4 segments
site of drainage for accessory digestive organs - liver gallbladder and pancreas - retroperitoneal
What are the features of the illeum/ jejunum
mobile and coiled continuous sections of small intestine,intraperitoneal - illeum connects to colon
What is the function of the large intestine
primarily absorbs water as well as nutrients and minerals
what are the features and structure of the colon
1.5m long, broad, frames abdominal cavity, has the central band taeniae coli, cecum (large pouch connecting small and large intestine) also has epiploic appendages/ fat tags
What are the features and functions of the rectum and anal canal
- empty unless prepping for defecation
- 2 anal sphincters; internal- smooth muscle involuntary, external, skeletal muscle voluntary
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands and where are they located
Parotid - lateral aspect of the face, anterior and inferior to the ear
Submandibular - Within the submandibular triangle of the anterior neck
Sublingual - Floor of the mouth
What is the function of the pancreas
has both endocrine and exocrine functions but function in GI is exocrine.
secretes pancreatic juice that aid in digestion
endocrine - produces insulin and glucagon
What is the structure of the pancreas
4 main parts
- head, neck, body and tail
- nestles in curve of duodenum
- pancreatic duct drains into 2nd descending part via major duodenal papilla
