Lower limb anatomy

Question 1

What type of joint is the hip?

Answer 1

synovial ball and socket joint

attachment of the head of femur to the acetabulum

Question 2

Ligaments of the Hip

Answer 2

Intracapsular
Head of femur ligament

Extracapsular
Iliofemoral - anterior inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line of femur
Pubofemoral - superior pubic rami to intertrochanteric line
Ischiofemoral - ischium to greater trochanter of femur

Question 3

Movements of Hip

Answer 3

Flexion - illiopsoas, rectus femoris
Extension - gluteus maximus, biceps femoris
Abduction - Gluteus med/min, piriformis
Adduction - Adductor longus
Lat Rotation - biceps femoris, glut max, piriformis
Med Rotation - ant fibres glut med/min. tensor fascia

Question 4

2 articulations of the knee joint

Answer 4

• patellofemoral - anterior aspect of distal femur attaches
  with the patella
• tibiofemoral - med/lat condyle of femur articulate with
  tibial condyles

Question 5

Ligaments of knee joint

Answer 5

Collateral
- medial collateral ligament: attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to the medial condyle of the tibia

• lateral collateral ligament: attaches proximally to the lateral epicondyle of the femur, distally it attaches to the lateral surface of the fibular head

Cruciate ligaments

• ACL: anterior intercondylar region of tibia and attaches to femur in the intercondylar fossa
• PCL: posterior region of tibia and attaches to anteromedial femoral condyle

Question 6

Movements of knee

Answer 6

Flexion - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Extension - rectus femoris, vastus lateralis/intermedius/medialis

Lat rotation - biceps femoris

Question 7

3 articulations of ankle joint

Answer 7

Talocrural - hinge joint
Inferior tibiofibular -
Subtalar joint

Question 8

Movements of the ankle joint

Answer 8

Plantar flexion - gastrocnemius, soleus
Dorsi flexion - tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus

inversion - tibialis anterior and posterior
eversion peroneus longus, brevis tertius

Question 9

Ligaments of the Ankle

Answer 9

Medial ligament - attached to the medial malleolus attaching to the talus, calcaneus and navicular bones

Lateral ligament
Anterior talofibular - lateral malleolus to lateral talus
Posterior talofibular - lateral malleolus to posterior talus
Calcaneofibular - lateral malleolus to calcaneus

Question 10

Anatomy of a vertebral disc

Answer 10

Annulus fibrosis - outer layer of strong fibrocartilage that attaches above and below disc

nucleus pulposus - inner circle of disc which distributes pressure

Superior and inferior facet joints connect discs to for spine

Question 11

Ligaments of lumbar spine

Answer 11

supraspinous ligament - connects the tips of adjacent spinous processes

interspinous ligament - connect the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Ligamentum flavum - connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Question 12

Joints of lumbar spine

Answer 12

Between vertebral bodies - intervertebral discs

Between vertebral arches - superior and inferior articular processes from adjacent vertebrae

Question 13

Movements of the Lumbar spine

Answer 13

Flexion - Psoas major/minor, iliacus

Extension - erector spinae, multifidus

Lateral flexion - internal/external obliques, quadratus lumborum

Question 14

Origins and insertions of foot and ankle

Answer 14

Gastroc
Origin - medial femoral condyle
insertion - posterior calcaneus

Tibialis anterior
origin - lateral epicondyle of tibia
insertion - medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

soleus
origin - middle third of medial tibia
Insertion - posterior calcaneus

Question 15

Origins and insertions of knee

Answer 15

biceps femoris
origin - ischial tuberosity, supracondylar line of femur
insertion - head of fibula, lateral tibial condyle

rectus femoris
origin - AIIS , capsule of hip joint
insertion - base of patella

Question 16

Origins and insertions of the hip

Answer 16

Glut max
origin - gluteal surface of ilium
insertion - greater tuberosity of femur

glute med
origin - gluteal surface of ilium
insertion - lateral surface greater trochanter

glute min
origin - gluteal surface of ilium
insertion - greater trochanter of femur