Lower Limb Flashcards by Galvin Chiam

Difference between anterior and posterior femur

Ant.: smooth

Post.: linea aspera(ridges)

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What is under the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint

2 sesamoid bones

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Acetabulum features

Inferior part has acetabular notch covered with transverse acetabular ligament
Ligament of HoF attaches to fovea

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Acetabulum capsular ligaments

Iliofemoral(ant.)
Pubofemoral(ant.)
Ischiofemoral(post.)

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Knee ligaments

Anterior cruciate
Posterior cruciate
Medial collateral
Lateral collateral

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Knee menisci

Lateral meniscus
Medial meniscus(attached to MCL->more prone to injury)

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What is ankle joint called and actions

Talocrural joint
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion

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Where does inversion/eversion occur

Subtalar joint or transverse tarsal joint

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Commonly damaged ligaments in forced inversion

Anterior talofibular ligament(common)
Calcaneofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament

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Ligament damaged during forced eversion

Medial ligament

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What tissue covers thigh and what does it form

Fascia lata covers thigh

Thickens to become iliotibial tract

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Muscles in gluteal region

Gluteus maximus(superficial)
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
Piriformis
Obturator internus

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Proximal anterior thigh muscles origin and attachment

Iliopsoas
Sartorius(ASIS to medial proximal tibia)
Pectineus(sup pubic ramus-prox post femur)

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Quadriceps muscles and origin and attachment

Rectus femoris(superficial)->attach to ASIS
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius(deep)

Vastus muscles attach to femoral shaft

All quad muscles act on patella/patellar ligament

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Medial thigh muscles and origin and attachment

Adductor brevis(proximal femur)
Adductor longus(distal femur)
Adductor magnus(shaft of femur)
Gracilis(medial proximal tibia)
Obturator externus

Proximal attachments at ischium/pubis

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Posterior thigh muscles origin and attachment

Biceps femoris(lateral)->head of fibula
Semitendinosis->prox med tibia
Semimembranosis->prox med tibia

Proximal attachment at ischial tuberosity except biceps short head

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Anterior leg muscles

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius

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Lateral leg muscles

Peroneus longus

Peroneus brevis

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Superficial posterior leg muscles attachments and origin

Gastrocnemius->lat&med heads attach to lat&med condyles of femur

Soleus->post. fibula

Plantaris->lat condyle of femur to calcaneus

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How to identify plantaris

Small muscle with long tendon

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Muscles that merge to form calcaneal tendon

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tarsal bones

Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms 1-3

Deep muscles of posterior leg

Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Popliteus->lat condyle to prox tibia

Lumbar nerves of lumbosacral plexus

L2-L4

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve

Sacral nerves of lumbosacral plexus

Superior gluteal nerve Inferior gluteal Sciatic nerve Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

Nerve that passes superiorly to piriformis

Superior gluteal nerve

Femoral nerve innervation

Passes through femoral triangle Anterior thigh->quadriceps Terminal branch is saphenous nerve: Supplies anteromedial leg and medial foot(sensation)

Obturator nerve innervation

Medial thigh->adductor muscles | Passes through obturator foramen

Superior gluteal nerve innervation

Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata

Gluteus maximus nerve supply

Inferior gluteal nerve

Sciatic nerve innervation before splitting

Supply hamstrings | Splits into tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve in politeal fossa

Common peroneal nerve split and function

Superficial peroneal nerve supplies lateral muscles and skin of dorsum of foot Deep peroneal nerve supplies anterior muscles and skin of cleft between 1st and 2nd toes

Tibial nerve function

Supply posterior leg skin and muscles | Tibial nerve passes posteriorly to medial malleolus and splits into lateral/medial plantar nerves

Nerve that is prone to injury

Common peroneal nerve laterally at neck of fibula

Artery pathway

Common iliac->ext iliac->femoral ->popliteal->tibial->post tibial->med/lat plantar

Which muscle is superficial to femoral artery

Sartorius

Which artery passes through inguinal canal

External iliac

Which artery passes posterior to medial malleolus

Posterior tibial

Head of femur blood supply

Deep femoral artery->med&lat circumflex

Thigh muscles blood supply

Deep femoral artery

Knee blood supply

Genicular branches of popliteal artery

Dorsalis pedis artery origin

Anterior tibial

Superficial veins

``` Long saphenous(medial)->femoral vein Short saphenous(posterior)->popliteal vein ```

What are perforating veins and what happens when valves are dysfunctional

Veins that drain blood from superficial veins to deep veins Backflow->varicose veins

Lymph nodes

Popliteal nodes | Inguinal nodes

Anatomical spaces

Femoral triangle | Popliteal fossa

Femoral triangle boundaries

Superior->inguinal canal Lateral->sartorius Medial->adductor longus

Femoral triangle contains

Lymph nodes Femoral vein Femoral artery Femoral nerve

Popliteal fossa boundaries

Superior->semimembranosis and biceps femoris | Inferior->medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius

Popliteal fossa contains

Tibial and common peroneal nerves Popliteal artery and vein Popliteal lymph nodes