Lower Extremity: The Knee, Ankle, and Foot Flashcards
What kind of joint is the knee?
Hinge
What is the shape of the lateral meniscus of the tibia?
Incomplete circle
What is the shape of the medial meniscus of the tibia?
C
What is the name of the circular rims of fibrocartilage on the articular surfaces of the tibial head?
Menisci
The two femur condyles articulate with the _____ _______.
tibial plateaus
The intercondyloid eminance of the tibia enters the ________ _______ of the femur.
intercondyloid fossa
The menisci act as _______-________.
shock-absorbers
The (lateral/medial) meniscus is more movable and less frequently injured.
lateral
The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the _______.
Patella
The depth of the patella serves as a pulley to increase the angle of pull of the __________ muscles
quadriceps
As the patella tracks downward over the femur during knee flexion, it will tilt _________ and slightly ________.
inferiorly, medially
List the 8 ligaments of the knee.
Patellar, medial collateral, lateral collateral, oblique popliteal, ACL, PCL, transverse, iliotibial tract.
Movements of the knee (4):
flexion, extension, inward rotation, outward rotation
Rotation of the knee can only occur when the knee is flexed/extended.
Flexed
When the leg has been flexed at the knee, the ________ ligaments become slack, allowing rotation.
Collateral
Anterior muscles of the knee joint:
Quads (rectur femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis)
Posterior muscles of the knee joint:
Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimenbranosus, semitendinosus), sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius
5 main flexors + 2 helpers of the knee:
Hamstrings (3), sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius
Four extensors of the knee:
Quads
One outward rotator of the tibia:
Biceps femoris
3 Inward rotators + 2 helpers of the tibia:
Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, popliteus, gracilis, sartorius
What are the two functions of the foot?
Support and propulsion
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
What kind of joint is the ankle?
Hinge
List the 5 medial ligaments:
deltoid (calcaneotibial, anterior talotibial, tibionavicular, posterior talotibial), plantar calcaneonavicular
The deltoid ligaments connect the medial malleolus of the tibia to the _______ ______ bones.
posterior tarsal
The medial/lateral ligaments are stronger.
medial
List the 3 lateral collateral ligaments:
anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
The lateral collateral ligaments connect the lateral malleolus of the tibia to the _______ _______ _______ and the _________ and ________ ______.
upper lateral calcaneus, anterior/posterior talus
The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament connects the _________ bone and the _____________ ____ projection on the medial aspect of the calcaneus.
navicular, sustentaculum tali
Muscles that dorsiflex the ankle:
tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
Muscles that plantar flex the ankle:
Gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, tibialis posterior, peroneus brevis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Muscles that dorsiflex the tarsals
tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
Muscles that plantar flex the tarsals:
Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
Muscles that supinate the tarsals
Tibialis anterior (when dorsiflexed), tibialis posterior (when plantar flexed), flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Muscles that pronate the tarsals:
Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus
Muscles that flex the toes:
Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
Muscles that extend the toes:
Extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
