Lower Extremity Imaging Flashcards
Mature bone cells.
Osteocytes
Secrete osteoid or the organic component of bone. Builds new bone.
Osteoblasts
Secrete acids to remove bony matrix
Osteoclasts
Type of bone that is more capable of resisting stress
Spongy Bone
Where do most bone metastases begin?
Red Marrow
- then progress outward
Hollow tube that consist of compact bone.
Diaphysis
Ends of the bone.
Epiphyses
What is contained in the Epiphyses?
Yellow Marrow
(Inactive)
Site that eventually separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis and is the site of new bone growth.
Epiphyseal Plate
What are the ABCS of looking at Bones on X-Ray?
Adequacy and Alignment
Bones
Cartilage
Soft Tissue
How many views should be present to have Adequacy when looking at X-Rays?
3 Views
(must have at least 2)
An injury in the foot that occurs under axial load. Dorsal dislocation of the second metatarsal.
Lisfranc Injury
Fractures that are not visible on imaging.
Occult Fracture
What are the classic examples of Occult Fractures
Distal Radius Fracture
Neck of Femur Fracture
Radial Head Fracture
Scaphoid Fracture
Supracondylar Fracture
Fracture of the radial head may show what sign on a X-Ray?
Sail Sign
What are the 4 anatomical classes of bone?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
What type of fracture is seen exclusively in children?
Greenstick Fracture
A simple, non-complicated fracture with no skin wounds at or near the fracture site.
Closed Fracture
A complicated fracture with a skin wound a possible protrusion of bony fragment.
Open Fracture
A fracture that runs horizontally. Also known as a complete fracture.
Transverse Fracture
What is an example of a bone that commonly experiences transverse fractures?
Tibia
Occurs when the ends of the broken bone are no longer aligned.
Displaced Fracture
Term used to describe medial angulation.
Varus
Term used to describe lateral angulation.
Valgus
Proximal migration of the distal fracture component results in decreased overall bone fracture.
Shortening Fracture
Is a an oblique or transverse fracture more likely to have shortening?
Oblique
Fracture where the bone is crushed. Almost always vertebral.
Compression Fracture
Fractures that occur when one end of an extremity is fixed but the rest of the extremity remains in motion.
Spiral Fracture
Accidental Spiral Fractures of the Tibia are common in preschool children who fall short distances onto an extended leg and often called what?
Toddler’s Fractures
Areas of cartilage located near the ends of bone. They are the last portion of a child’s bones to harden (ossify) and are particularly vulnerable to fracture.
Growth Plates
What percentage of all childhood fractures are growth plate fractures?
15-30%
What types of bone are growth plates found in?
Long Bones
How many growth plates are located in long bones?
2
Fractures that break through the bone at the growth plate, separating the bone end from the bone shaft and completely disrupting the growth plate.
Salter-Harris Type I
Fractures that break through part of the bone at the growth plate and crack through the bone shaft as well. This is the most common type of growth plate fracture.
Salter-Harris Type II
Fractures that cross through a portion of the growth plate and break off a piece of the bone end. This type of fracture is more common in older children.
Salter-Harris Type III
Fractures that break through the bone shaft, the growth plate, and the end of the bone.
Salter-Harris Type IV
Fracture that occur due to a crushing injury to the growth plate from a compression force. Rare type of fracture.
Salter-Harris Type V
Fracture that results in more than 2 separate fragments.
Comminuted Fracture
Comminuted fracture from 2 oblique fracture that form a specific shape.
Butterfly Fracture
Type of Comminuted Fracture where segments of the bone have separated from both the proximal and distal portion of the tibial and fibular shafts.
Segmental Fracture
(Tibia and Fibula)
A fracture that is usually seen in young children and are an incomplete break.
Greenstick Fracture
A fracture of the lower end of the Fibula and medial malleolus of the Tibia. Often occurs in association with a rolled ankle.
Pott’s Fracture
A fracture where a distal fragment of the radius overrides the rest of the bone. Most commonly results from a fall on an outstretched dorsiflexed hand. Characteristic “Dinner Fork” deformity.
Colles’ Fracture
Fracture where the distal radial fragment is tested into a posterior angulated and be displaced ventrally. Also known as a Reverse Colles’. Occurs due to a direct blow to the dorsal forearm or falling onto flexed wrists.
Smith’s Fracture
When looking at imaging of an elbow, what is never considered to be normal?
Posterior Fat Pad
Order of Ossification of the Elbow Joint
(CRITOE)
Capitellum
Radial Head
Internal or Medial Epicondyle
Trochlea
Olecranon
External or Lateral Epicondyle
What are the two specific markers of alignment when looking at elbow imaging?
Anterior Humeral Line
Radiocapitellar Line
If a line drawn along the front of the humerus does not intersect the middle or anterior third of the capitellum, what should you suspect?
Supracondylar Fracture
If a line drown through the middle of the radius does not pass through the middle of the capitellum, what should you suspect?
Radial Head Dislocation
What are the two most common causes of elbow joint effusion? (Fat Pads)
Radial Head Fracture
Radial Neck Fracture
An elevated anterior fat pad is called what?
Sail Sign
What is the most common cause of Elbow Joint Effusion in kids?
Supracondylar Fracture
What is the most commonly fractured metatarsal?
5th Metatarsal
What is a fracture of the 5th metatarsal called?
Jones Fracture
Type of bimalleolar ankle fracture
Dupuytren Fracture
Type of imaging that applies a varying magnetic field to the body and aligns atoms. Used to look at soft tissue.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What may be used as an IV agent during an MRI?
Gadolinium
In this type of MRI, fat appears white or bright and water or CSF is dark.
T1 MRI
In this type of MRI, fat is dark and blood, edema, and CSF appear white.
T2 MRI
What are two advantages of MRI
Exquisite views of CNS and stationary soft tissues
No use of ionizing radiation
