Lower Extremity: Bones and Muscles Flashcards
1
Q
Where is the center of gravity located at in the body?
A
Anterior to the edge of S2 vertebra
2
Q
What muscle is the most powerful hip flexor?
A
Iliopsoas
(psoas major + iliacus)
3
Q
What muscle is the most powerful hip extensor?
A
Gluteus Maximus
4
Q
What two muscles are the most powerful hip abductors?
A
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
5
Q
When the foot is lifted off the ground while walking, what are the hip abductors doing?
A
actively stabilizing the contralateral hip
6
Q
What position is the ankle most stable in?
A
Dorsiflexed
7
Q
What is it called when the sole of foot moves to face the midline?
A
Inversion
8
Q
What is it called when the sole of the foot is moved to face away from the midline?
A
Eversion
9
Q
Clinical term for knock knee
A
Genu Valgum
10
Q
Clinical term for bowleg
A
Genu Varus
11
Q
What bone is the main weight bearer of the leg?
A
Tibia
12
Q
Bone in the leg that bears no weight and provides stability of the ankle joint.
A
Fibula
13
Q
Group of seven bones in the foot that make up the mid-foot and hind-foot.
A
Tarsals
14
Q
Fracture of this bone occurs when the sole of the foot is heavily compressed. Such as when a person falls and lands on the heel.
A
Talus
15
Q
What is the most common site of fracture of the Talus?
A
Talar Neck
16
Q
This bone is also known as your heel bone and is the most common tarsal fracture.
A
Calcaneus
17
Q
Miniature long bones found in the foot.
A
Metatarsals
18
Q
Each of the lateral four toes has how many phalanges?
A
3
19
Q
How many phalanges does the great toe have?
A
2
20
Q
A buildup of uric acid in the joint. Typically caused by an under excretion of urate by the kidneys.
A
Gout
21
Q
Where in the foot is Gout most commonly found?
A
1st Metatarsal
22
Q
Small sac with a synovial lining that normally contains fluid to reduce friction on a tendon passing over a bone.
A
Bursae
23
Q
What four things are contained in the Femoral Triangle?
A
Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes
24
Q
What are the three borders that make up the femoral triangle?
A
Sartorius (lateral)
Adductor Longus (medial)
Inguinal Ligament (superior)
25
Chief artery of the lower limb.
Femoral Artery
26
What artery is the Femoral Artery a continuation of?
External Iliac Artery
27
Where does the femoral artery exit the adductor canal thru?
Adductor Hiatus
28
What does the femoral artery become when it exits the adductor hiatus?
Popliteal Artery
29
What is the largest branch of femoral artery and the chief artery of the thigh?
Profunda Femoris
30
What are the three branches of the Profunda Femoris?
Perforating
Medial Circumflex
Lateral Circumflex
31
What is the largest branch of the lumbar nerve plexus?
Femoral Nerve
32
Where at in the femoral triangle is Femoral Nerve found?
Lateral to Femoral Vessels
33
Terminal branch of the Femoral nerve that descends thru femoral triangle and accompanies the femoral artery and vein through the adductor canal.
Saphenous Nerve
34
Artery that supplies the head of the femur. This artery stems from the internal iliac artery.
Obturator Artery
35
Located below the femoral triangle, this space contains the femoral artery, femoral vein, and saphenous nerve.
Adductor Canal
36
What artery is easily approached through the adductor canal for surgery?
Femoral Artery
37
An ovoid hiatus is present in the fascia lata just inferior to the inguinal ligament
Saphenous Opening
38
What vein exits the Saphenous Opening?
Great Saphenous Vein
39
What can commonly occur at the Saphenous Opening?
Femoral Hernia
40
What vein does the Great Saphenous Vein drain into?
Femoral Vein
41
What vein does the Small Saphenous Vein drain into?
Popliteal Vein
42
What cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the anterior and lateral thigh?
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
43
What cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the gluteal region?
Clunial Nerve
44
What cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the buttocks, thigh, and calf?
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
45
What cutaneous nerve innervates the skin of the medial leg and foot? It is also vulnerable to injury during varicose vein repair.
Saphenous Nerve
46
What cutaneous nerve innervates the skin on the posterior lateral leg?
Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve
47
What two cutaneous nerve innervates the skin on the back of the leg, lateral ankle, heel, and foot?
Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerve
Sural Cutaneous Nerve
48
What cutaneous nerve innervates the lateral lower leg and dorsal of the foot?
Superficial Peroneal
49
What cutaneous nerve innervates the anterior muscles of the leg and foot, and the skin of the first and second toes?
Deep Peroneal
50
Forms compartments along with three fascial inter muscular septa that arise from the deep aspect of the fascia lata and attach to the lines aspera on the posterior femur.
Fascia lata
51
What inter-muscular septum is the strongest in the fascia lata of the thigh and continuous with the iliotibial band?
Lateral Intermuscular Septum
52
What types of muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the fascia lata of the thigh?
Knee Extensor
Hip Flexors
53
What muscle is performs knee extension and is found in the anterior compartment of the fascia lata.
Quadriceps Femoris
54
What muscles perform hip flexion and are found in the anterior compartment of the fascia lata.
Sartorius
Pectineus
Psoas Major
Iliacus
55
What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the fascia lata?
Femoral Nerve
56
What types of muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the fascia lata?
Knee Flexors
Hip Extensors
57
What muscles are found in the posterior compartment of the fascia lata?
Hamstrings
58
What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the fascia lata?
Sciatic Nerve
59
What types of muscles are found in the medial compartment of the fascia lata?
Hip Adductors
60
What muscles perform hip adduction and are found in the medial compartment of the fascia lata?
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
61
What nerve supplies the medial compartment of the fascia lata?
Obturator Nerve
62
Formed by the aponeurosis of the tensor fasciae latae and the Gluteus Maximus muscle.
Iliotibial (IT) Band
63
What action does the Iliotibial Band perform?
Knee Extension
64
What is a popular choice for the treatment of Iliotibial Band Syndrome?
Fascia Lata Graft
65
Any condition that decreases the capacity of a compartment or increase the volume of fluid within a compartment raises intra-compartmental pressure and places the patient at risk for developing what?
Compartment Syndrome
66
Where do the deep nerves of the Gluteal and Posterior Thigh come from?
Sacral Plexus
67
Name the three deep nerves of the Gluteal and Posterior Thigh.
Superior Gluteal
Inferior Gluteal
Sciatic
68
Deep nerve of the gluteal and posterior thigh that passes above the Piriformis muscle.
Superior Gluteal Nerve
69
What gluteal muscles doe the Superior Gluteal Nerve supply?
All of them
70
Deep nerve of the gluteal and posterior thigh that passes below the Piriformis muscle.
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
71
What gluteal muscle does the Inferior Gluteal Nerve supply?
Gluteus Maximus
72
Largest nerve in the human body at about 2cm wide.
Sciatic Nerve
73
What region does the Sciatic Nerve supply.
Posterior Thigh muscles
Posterior Leg and Foot
(No Gluteal)
74
What does the Sciatic Nerve divide into?
Tibial Nerve
Fibular Nerve (Peroneal)
75
Artery that supplies the Gluteus Maximus, Medius, and Minimus and runs Superior to the Piriformis.
Superior Gluteal Artery
76
Artery that supplies the Gluteus Maximus and Sciatic nerve and runs Inferior to Piriformis.
Inferior Gluteal Artery
77
What Gluteal Artery acts as a nutrients artery branch to the Ilium of the hip?
Superior Gluteal Artery
78
Where do both the Superior and Inferior Gluteal Arteries run through?
Greater Sciatic Foramen
79
Artery that supplies erectile tissue of the external genitalia and perineal structures.
Internal Pudendal Artery
80
Where does the Internal Pudendal Artery run through?
Lesser Sciatic Foramen
81
Where does the Internal Pudendal Artery lay in relation to the Pudendal Nerve?
Laterally
82
Have the patient stand on one leg and lift the other leg up. If the pelvis drops on the contralateral side, the test is positive.
Trendelenburg Sign
83
A positive Trendelenburg Sign indicates weakness of what muscles?
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
(Thigh Abductors)
84
What 6 muscles solely allow for lateral rotation of the hip?
Piriformis
Obturator Internus
Superior Gemellus
Inferior Gemellus
Quadratus Femoris
Obturator Externus
85
What muscle allows for weak flexion and medial rotation of the hip, as well as lateral stabilization of the knee?
Tensor Fascia Lata
86
What two muscles allow for abduction of the hip or lateral support of the pelvis (+ other actions).
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
87
What muscle allows for powerful extension and lateral rotation of the hip?
Gluteus Maximus
88
What nerve innervates the Gluteus Maximus?
Inferior Gluteal Nerve
89
What nerve innervates the Gluteus Medius?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
90
What nerve innervates the Gluteus Minimus?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
91
What nerve innervates the Tensor Fascia Lata?
Superior Gluteal Nerve
92
What nerves innervate the Piriformis?
S1
S2
93
What nerves innervate the Obturator Internus and Superior Gemellus
Obturator Internus Nerve
Superior Gemellus Nerve
94
What nerves innervate the Quadratus Femoris and Inferior Gemellus?
Quadratus Femoris Nerve
Inferior Gemellus Nerve
95
What nerve innervates the Obturator Externus?
Obturator Nerve
96
What action does the Psoas Major perform?
Thigh Flexion
97
What action does the Iliacus perform?
Thigh Flexion
98
What muscle allows for Flexion, Abduction, and lateral rotation of the thigh at the Hip Joint, as well as flexion of the leg?
Sartorius
99
What muscles allows for extension of the leg at the knee joint?
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
(All 4 = Quad)
100
What muscle allows for adduction and flexion of the thigh?
Adductor Longus
101
What muscle allows for adduction of the thigh only?
Adductor Brevis
102
What muscle allows for adduction and flexion of the thigh, and extension of the thigh?
Adductor Magnus
103
What muscle allows for adduction of the thigh and flexion and medial rotation of the leg?
Gracilis
104
What three muscles make the Hamstring?
Semitendinous
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
105
Diamond shaped space behind the knee
Popliteal Space
106
Veins on the dorsal of the foot drain the toes and dorsal venous arch which drain into the Great Saphenous vein medially and Small Saphenous vein laterally.
Cutaneous Veins
107
Veins that run upward, anterior to the medial malleolus and ascends into the femoral triangle where it pierces the deep fascia at the Saphenous opening and then joins the femoral vein.
Great Saphenous Vein
108
Vein that passes posterior to the lateral malleolus and ascends up the center of the leg posteriorly to pierce the deep fascia of the popliteal fossa and join the popliteal vein.
Small Saphenous Vein
109
Occurs when the valves in the deep communication veins become incompetent or are destroyed by thrombosis. The pressure of the venous blood in the deep veins is transmitted to the superficial veins.
Varicose Veins
110
Nerve that descends through popliteal fossa to the posterior compartment of the leg. It passes behind the medial malleolus (deep to flexor retinaculum) to reach of the sole of the foot where it divides into 2 terminal branches.
Tibial Nerve
111
What 2 terminal branches does the Tibial Nerve divide into?
Medial Plantar
Lateral Plantar
112
Nerve that winds around the neck of the Fibula and can be palpated and easily injured by compression or laceration.
Common Peroneal Nerve
113
Injury to the Common Peroneal Nerve may result in what?
Paralysis of the Dorsiflexors of the Foot
(Foot Drop)
114
Terminal branch of the popliteal artery which then further divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries.
Posterior Tibial Artery
115
Artery that terminates in the space between the first two metatarsals, it then divides into the deep and arcuate artery. The pulse can be palpated where it passes over the navicular and cuneiform bones or lateral to the tendon of the extensor hallucis longus.
Dorsal Pedis Artery
116
A sign of Peripheral Arterial Disease where reduced blood flow in the legs causes muscle pain during either walking or exercise and usually in the calf muscle and can be relieved by rest.
Intermittent Claudication
117
What side of the foot abducts the toes?
Dorsal
118
What side of the foot adducts the toes?
Plantar
119
What two Dorsal muscles allow the toes to abduct?
Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
120
What three Plantar muscles allow the toes to adduct?
Abductor Hallucis
Abductor Digitorum Brevis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
121
Small, four-part muscle on dorsum of the foot. Deep to the tendon of the Extensor Digitorum Longus and helps extends the toes.
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
122
What nerve supplies the Extensor Digitorum Brevis?
Deep Fibular Nerve
123
Bandlike muscle in the middle of the sole that helps flex toes.
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
124
What nerve supplies the Flexor Digitorum Brevis?
Medial Plantar Nerve
125
Muscle that lies medial to the Flexor Digitorum Brevis and abducts the big toe.
Abductor Hallucis
126
What nerve supplies the Abductor Hallucis?
Medial Plantar Nerve
127
Most lateral muscle of the three superficial sole muscles. Abducts and flexes the little toe.
Abductor Digiti Minimi
128
What nerve supplies the Abductor Digiti Minimi?
Lateral Plantar Nerve
129
Branch of the Tibial Nerve that passes deep to the abductor hallucis, branches and then lies between the Flexor Digitorum Brevis and Abuductor Halluces. Then passes to the medial side of the big toe and to the contiguous side of the medial 4 toes.
Medial Plantar Nerve
130
Branch of the Tibial Nerve that passes across the sole toward the tubercle of the 5th metatarsal between the 1st and 2nd layers.
Lateral Plantar Nerve
131
Name the two arteries of the Sole of the Foot.
Medial Plantar Artery
Lateral Plantar Artery
