Lower Extrem Flashcards
What serves as attachment of lower limbs? (4 bones)
Hip Bonesx2, Sacrum, Coccyx
what makes up the pelvic girdle?
Hip bonex2
What are other names for hip bone?
Os Coxae, Innominate bone
Each hip bone is made of 3 separate bones, what are they?
2/5 Ischium, 2/5 Ilium , 1/5 Pubis
In AP hip, what should be done to bring the neck of the femur to be parallel with the IR?
turn the entire affected leg 15-20 degrees internally
Lateral Hip has 2 names for different CR, what are they? and what are the CR?
what’s the difference between the 2?
Hickey and lauenstein method. CR is at the between ASIS and Pubic symphysis. Hickey requires CR 20-25 degrees cephalad.
In AP pelvis, if the pelvis is deep what should you do to the IR?
Move the IR up 1-1.5” above the iliac crest
what method will show the femoral neck free of superimposition?
Hickey Method of the Lat hip
soles of feet together, thighs abducted, flexed hips and knees, femoral vertical is a description of what method?
Modified Cleaves method bilateral
In original Cleaves method, what is the CR angle and is entering at?
25-45 degree cephalic at the pubic symphysis
Axiolateral Hip is also called the ….
Should foot be rotated? if so, what degree?
IR should be placed at the ___ above the ___ ____
What should the IR be parallel with ?
CR for this is ….
Danelius Miller’s method, if not contraindicated, have the pt rotate the foot 15-20 degrees internally.
crease, iliac crest
neck of the femure
CR is 2.5 inches below the localization point
How many bones in the foot?
26
What are other names for the Calcaneus? What’s special about this bone in the foot?
Os calcis, Heel bone, serves as the weight bearer, point of attachment for archilles tendon,
What is the 2nd strongest bone in the foot? What structure does it have that forms the roof of the Sinus Tarsi?
Talus, Sulcus Tali at the inferior portion of the bone
Navicular lies on the medial side of the foot btwn ___ and the ____
Talus and the cuneiforms
how are Cuneiforms numbered and arranged?
from medial to lateral, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. Medial, Intermediate, and lateral
What is special about 1st, 2nd, and 5th Metatarsals?
1st is the shortest and strongest, 2nd is the longest, and 5th has a tuberosity that hangs on the lateral side
What arch serves as shock absorber and is formed by the bones in the foot?
Longitudinal arch
what arch assists in supporting the longitudinal arch?
Transverse arch
What is the 2nd largest bone in the body?
Tibia
at the superior surface of the Tibia, there is a feature that is called… and it slopes ___ - ___ degrees, it is a site of articulation for…
Tibial Plateau, 10-20 degrees, for the condyles of the femur
what is another name for tibial spine?
Intercondylar Eminence
What is the site for the Osgood-Schlatters disease?
Tibial Tuberosity
Where is the sharp ridge on the tibia?
Anterior crest
what type of joint does the tibiofibular make distally?
Proximally?
Syndesmosis, Fibrous
Synovial, slightly moveable
Where is the apex of the fibula?
Posterolateral
Intertrochanteric crest is ridge that forms the greater and lesser trochanters on the _____ aspect, Intertrochanteric line is the less prominent ridge that is on the _____ aspect.
Posterior, anterior
at what age does the patella develop?
What is the fxn of the patella?
3-5, to protect the knee joint
Knee joint contains two meniscus made up of what type of disks? what is the fxn?
Medial and lateral meniscus, fibrocartilage disks for shock absorbtion.
What age range usually suffers from legg calve perthes disease?
5-10
when you want to see the joint spaces in the AP axial toe, what degree angulation is needed?
15 degree
Oblique toe requires a range of what angulation on the anatomy?
30-45 degree
In lateral toe, first and second toes should be closest to IR, what is the projection? and 3rd-5th?
Lateromedial, 3-5th mediolateral
Why is angulation needed in the AP foot views? if there is no angulation, what is it for?
10 degree because you want to see the tarsometatarsal joint spaces, no degrees are just for bony structures
AP oblique foot require how much angulation of the foot?
30 degree
what is the projection for the weight bearing foot lat view? what is of concern when using this view?
Lateromedial, the medial aspect of the foot is touching the IR, Longitudinal arch is of concern
Plantodorsal is a view for what bone in the tarsal? what is it also called? What is the CR for this view?
AP axial Calcaneus view, CR is 40 degrees toward the heel of the foot (Cephalic) at the base of the 3rd metatarsal.
Lateral Calcaneus view, CR is 1” below the _____
Medial Malleolus
In Ankle stress method, an inversion is used to show joint and rupture of lat lig between what joint space?
In medial ligament it is what type of joint action?
fibulotalar joint
Tibiotalar joint
In oblique ankle, if the leg is rotated 45 degrees, what are the interests? if it is 15-20?
Bony structures for 45 degrees, 15-20 is the mortise
what are superimposed in 45 degree ankle rotation view?
Tibia and Fibula
How much IR space in inches do you want in an AP leg at the end of each joints?
1-1.5”
AP knee requires different CR for each measurements:
less than 19cm
19-24cm
Greater than 24cm
3-5 Cephalad
0 degree
3-5 Caudad
what becomes in view when you AP oblique the knee medially?
What if you AP oblique the Knee laterally?
Proximal portion of the fibulotibial joint, and the head of the fibula
Lateral oblique shows the fibula superimposed by Tibia and medial portion of the tibia in profile
Normally, when performing a Lateral Knee, what knee flexion angulation do you need? If there is a suspected trauma? What is the CR angulation?
20-30 degree flexion is usually needed. If there is suspected trauma, then no more than 10 to prevent fragmentation of the patella, 5-7 degree cephalad
PA axial knee is also known as… in this position, the PT is on all 4, what angle does the affected knee need to be in from the table?
Holmblad method, knee is 70 degree with the affected thigh forming that degree from the table.
what methods require the knee to flex and form a 60 degree angle w/ long axis of tibia ?
Beclere method, AP axial knee
In hughston method, CR is at …. and the affected knee is at an angle range of ___ to ___ degree
Tangential knee 45 degree cephalad
degree range is 50-60 degree
what method shows the vertical fractures of bone and the articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral articulation?
Tangential knee, settegast method,
When performing the AP femur, where should IR be for Proximal vs Distal? how do you make sure each are in true AP position?
Proximal femur, the Top of IR is at level of ASIS, Distal it is 2” below the condyles
In proximal femur, you want the affected foot to internally rotate 15-20 degrees, and for distal femur, you want the epicondyles to be parellel with the IR.
