Low stakes test Flashcards
What is structuralism?
Breaking conscious thoughts down into their constituent parts
define contiguous
learning that occurs due to the pairing of two objects in time & place
who proposed empricism
john locke
After Wundt, what were the two competing dominant approaches in the early 1900s?
beh and psycho
Name two ways the behaviourist approach is different from the psychodynamic approach
Behaviourist
approach focuses on observable behaviour where the psychodynamic approach does not (the unconscious
mind that cannot be observed)
Neutral stimulus w pavlov
The bell
In what year did Skinner conduct his research?
1948/ 1953
How is avoidance in negative reinforcement different from punishment?
NR increases the likelihood a
behaviours being repeated to avoid an unpleasant consequence whereas punishment decreases the
likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
2 pps of beh
CBT/ SD/ aversion
what beh reduce behaviour to
stimulus response links
Name 5 key terms associated with SLT
Modelling, identification, imitation, mediational processes,
vicarious reinforcement
Why do learning and performance not always go together? Suggest two reasons
Person may not be a
role model//can’t physically reproduce the behaviour//have little motivation, little reward//same situation
never arises again.
reinforcement for slt
vicarious
no of ppt in bandura
72
condiion bandura
Three (Aggressive model, non-aggressive model, control)
devine cog neuro
. Scientific study of neurological structures that are responsible for mental processes
define inference
. Going beyond the immediate evidence to make assumptions about behaviour that
cannot be directly observed.
Difference computational and theoretical models
: Theoretical models are diagrammatic representations
of the steps involved in internal mental processes whereas computational models software simulations of
internal mental processes that are created in collaboration with computer scientists
reductionsim in cog
machine
What prevents the cognitive approach from being strictly scientifi
: Inferences have to be made
behaviour – going beyond the immediate evidence (assumptions made)
cog neuro emerged in
1960s
Name 4 different biological explanations.
Neural, hormonal, genetic & evolutionary
What is meant by ‘candidate genes’?
A candidate gene is a gene whose chromosomal location is
associated with a particular disorder
. Name a limitation of using twin studies.
May incorrectly assume that MZ and DZ twins share a similar
environment when MZ twins may have more environmental similarities
congruence (humanistic)
Congruence is the fit / match / comparability / consistency between the
perceived self (how you see yourself) and the ideal self (the self you would like to be).
counseling who?
carl rogers
Counselling psychologists must adopt what approach:
Unconditional positive regard
Why do counselling psychologists refer to people as clients not patients:
Rejection of a medical way of
thinking and is replaced with a language of growth and change.
Why is counselling seen as unscientific:
c: Does not have replicability as no two sessions are the same, it
does not follow a standardised form
How does free will relate to the humanistic approach
Free will is the idea that we can play an active role
and have choice in how we behave. The assumption is that individuals are free to choose their behaviour
and are self-determined. The humanistic approach states that we have control over our choices
maslows hierachy of needs
physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization.
What is meant by ‘conditions of worth’?
When a parent places limits or boundaries on the love of their
children.
psychosexual
- Oral – sucking behaviour - The oral stage is characterized by the pleasure for the mouth e.g. biting, sucking nails (0-18 months) UC- biting nails/ smoking as adult
- Anal – holding or discarding faeces -pleasure in anus UC- being narsistic/ reckless (18 months – 3 years)
- Phallic – fixation on genitals/ sexual urge( Latency – repressed sexual urges- the child relating to the community by adopting values, developing social skills, and forming relationships with people outside the immediate family (6 years - 12)
- Genital – awakened sexual urges (12 onwards)
What phrase do you use when stating the description for each stage?
‘The focus of pleasure is _______’
3 tripartes
Id – Pleasure principle. Ego – reality principle and Super ego – morality principle
displacemtn
– Emotions are directed away from the source or target to a substitute object (or
towards something else)
age ego forms
3
Which two approaches are the most reductionist?
bio and beh
Name an approach that advocates for soft determinism
SLT
Similarity between humanistic and psychodynamic approach
PPA
. Difference between biological and humanistic approach:
biological determinism vs free will
hard determinism approaches
bio and beh
