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Repro 2 Midterm > Lopez physio review > Flashcards

Lopez physio review Flashcards

1
Q

Describe LH and FSH levels throughout a girl’s life?

A
  • childhood: more FSH
  • adult: more LH
  • Senescence: more FSH again
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2
Q

What is puberty initiated by?

A

-the pulsatile secretion of GnRH, which drives the pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH

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3
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule formed by?

A
  • sertoli cells, with interspersed germ cells
  • spermatogonia in periphery
  • spermatozoa near the lumen
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4
Q

Where are the Leydig cells?

A

-Interstitial cells that lie between the tubules

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5
Q

What do the sertoli cells do?

A
  • provide nutrients to the differentiating sperm
  • form tight junctions with each other… creates blood testes barrier
  • secrete aqueous fluid into the lumen of tubules
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6
Q

What do the leydig cells do?

A

-synthesis and secretion of testosterone

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7
Q

What enzyme converts androstenedione to testosterone?

A
  • 17 B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

- the testes have this… so end product is testosterone

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8
Q

what is that thing in peripheral tissue that converts T to DHT?

A

-5a reductase

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9
Q

What doe LH stimulate in a dude?

A
  • conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

- it also regulates the overall rate of testosterone synthesis by leydig cell

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10
Q

what enzyme will turn testosterone into estradiol?

A
  • aromatase
  • happens in peripheral tissues
  • testis can do it too though
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11
Q

When is testosterone present in the fetal development?

A
  • 2 month of embryonic life

- presence or absence of it determines development of genital organs

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12
Q

What is the hormone that causes male patter growth and prostate growth?

A
  • DHT

- so we use 5a reductase inhibitors to deal with that

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13
Q

What kind of receptor is LH receptor?

A

GPCR!

  • cAMP-PKA pathway
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells (the “L”s line up!)
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14
Q

What cell does FSH stimulate?

A
  • the sertoli cell

- results in ptn synth and production of inhibin, ABP, aromatase…

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15
Q

What causes sertoli cells to nurse and form sperm?

A
  • FSH

- without this, there’s no spermiogenesis

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16
Q

What will help promote early division of sperm themselves?

A

GH

-used for infertility things

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17
Q

What does sertoli cells turn testosterone into when stimulated by FSH?

A

-estrogen!

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18
Q

at birth, how is the testosterone level?

A

-it’s low… like at 0

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19
Q

what is Kallman’s syndrome?

A
  • GnRH neurons fail to migrate into the hypothalamus during embryonic development
  • delayed or absent puberty
  • impaired sense of smell
  • hypogonadoptropic hypogonadism
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20
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • Men with an extra X chromosome
  • look like male
  • low androgen production
  • seminiferous tubules are largely destroyed, leading to infertility
  • low T, high LH
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21
Q

At puberty, how will the hormone levels be at night?

A

-super high

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22
Q

In women, what is the hormone that surges every month?

A

LH

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23
Q

What are the ovarian cycle phases?

A
  • Follicular
  • Luteal
  • split in half (14 days each)
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24
Q

What are the endometrial cycle phases

A
  • menses first
  • proliferative
  • secretory (same as luteal which makes sense)
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25
Q

At the end of the follicular phase, what do the granulosa cells secrete a lot of?

A
  • estradiol!
  • makes endometrium go nutso
  • so, it coincides with the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle
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26
Q

In the luteal phase, what does the corpus luteum release a bunch of?

A

progesterone!

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27
Q

as the follicular phase progresses, what happens to the gonadotrophs in the ant pit?

A
  • they get more sensitive to GnRH

- so each pulse lets out more and more LH… fun times

28
Q

What receptors do the Theca cells have?

A

just LH

29
Q

What receptors do the granulosa cells have?

A

LH and FSH receptors

-we need both hormones becuase neither cells can carry out all the required steps

30
Q

What cells in the ovary secrete inhibin ?

A

the granulosa cells

-FSH stimulates them to make inhibins

31
Q

What do inhibins do?

A

inhibit FSH production by gonadotrophs

32
Q

What do activins do?

A
  • come from same place

- they stimulate FSH release from pituitary cells

33
Q

How is the negative feedback with estrogen and progesterone?

A
  • E inhibits things at both high and low levels

- Progesterone inhibits at only high levels

34
Q

What makes the HP axis reverse its sensitivity to estrogens, resulting in that goofy LH surge?

A
  • when the ESTRADIOL levels reach a certain threshold for a minimum of 2 days
  • switch to positive feedback … LH surge
35
Q

What happens to LH and FSH as the luteal phase begins?

A
  • they decrease rapidly

- estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin causes continued decrease of gonadotropin levels

36
Q

as the corpus luteum dies off, what happens to progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin?

A

they all fall DOWN

37
Q

What do the ovaries have that can convert androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol?

A

-aromatase!

38
Q

What converts estrone to estradiol?

A

-17B HSD

39
Q

What does the Theca cell make?

A
  • testosterone

- stimulated by LH

40
Q

What does the Granulosa cell make?

A
  • Stimulated by FSH
  • Testosterone and estrone
  • get converted into estradiol by aromatase and 17B HSD respectively
41
Q

What drives the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium?

A

estrogen

42
Q

What does progesterone promote in the endometrium?

A
  • differentiation of stromal cells into predecidual cells… must be prepared to form the decidua of pregnancy
  • or to orchestrate menstruation in the absence of pregnancy
43
Q

What is the most common cause of infertility in women?

A
  • PCOS
  • androgen excess… lots of folliculogensis… cysts!
  • adolescents
44
Q

What is the presentation of PCOS?

A
  • young, obese, hirsute females of reproductive age
  • oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea
  • infertility
  • ELEVATED LH, LOW FSH, ELEVATED TESTOSTERONE
45
Q

What will the hormone levels look like for PCOS again?

A
  • high LH
  • Low FSH
  • high testosterone
46
Q

What do sperm interact with in the zona pellucida during fertilization?

A
  • ZP3
  • then increase Ca2+ in sperm
  • ejection of acrosomal stuff
  • membrane fusion
47
Q

What is it called when the male pronucleus and the female pronucleus merge?

A

-zygote

48
Q

When does the blastocyst implant onto the uterine wall?

A

-6-7 days after fertilization

49
Q

what is the order of the progress in fertilization?

A
  • zygote
  • 2 cell
  • 4 cell
  • 16 cell morula
  • blastocyst: that is what implants
50
Q

In implantation, what cells provide a feeder layer of continuously dividing cells?

A

-cytotrophoblasts

51
Q

What do the syncytiotrophoblasts do?

A
  • express adhesive ptns…. bind to components of the uterine extrecellular matrix
  • secrete LH-like ptn: hCG.
52
Q

What does hCG do?

A

-maintains the viability of the corpus luteum of pregancy

53
Q

What else dot he syncytiotrophoblasts secrete that makes them independent of the corpus luteum?

A

-progesterone

54
Q

What happens to the endometrium when all the progesterone is released?

A
  • glycogen-filled decidual cells form

- now it’s ready for the embry to form

55
Q

What vessels does the syncytiotrohpoblast invade first?

A
  • the endometrial veins

- then the arteries

56
Q

What are the 3 major structures of the mature placenta?

A
  • Chorionic villi
  • Intervillous space
  • Decidua basalis
57
Q

When does birth happen?

A
  • 38 weeks after fertilization

- 40 weeks after last menstrual period

58
Q

How does the fetus “decide” when it’s time to come out?

A
  • Placenta starts making CRH
  • fetal ACTH made
  • fetal cortsiol
    • feedback
  • increased placental CRH
  • promotes contractions by sensitizing uterus to PG’s and oxytocin
59
Q

What does estrogen stimulate near parturition?

A

-synthesis of oxytocin receptors

60
Q

What is beleived to initiate labor?

A

-PG’s

61
Q

What does relaxin do?

A
  • keeps uterus quiescent during pregnancy

- softens and dilates cervix during labor

62
Q

What does the fetal pituitary, adrenal, and placental membranes secrete near birth?

A
  • oxytocin
  • cortisol
  • PG’s
63
Q

What inhibits the action of PRL even though it’s at high levels?

A

-estrogen and progesterone

64
Q

What is required to maintain lactation?

A
  • suckling

- inhibits dopaminergic neurons

65
Q

What does oxytocin do for lactation?

A
  • causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells

- suckling causes more of this to be made

66
Q

What are the 4 effects of suckling on hormone release?

A
  1. ) suckling stimulus travels from breast to the hypothalamus
  2. ) DA release is inhibited so PRL can do its thang
  3. ) Spinal cord neurons stimulate production and release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary
  4. ) spinal cord neurons inhibit the arcuate and preoptic area of the hypothalamus causing a fall in GnRH production

Repro 2 Midterm (9 decks)

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