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Repro 2 Midterm > Lopez physio review > Flashcards

Lopez physio review Flashcards

1
Q

Describe LH and FSH levels throughout a girl’s life?

A
  • childhood: more FSH
  • adult: more LH
  • Senescence: more FSH again
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2
Q

What is puberty initiated by?

A

-the pulsatile secretion of GnRH, which drives the pulsatile secretion of FSH and LH

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3
Q

What is the seminiferous tubule formed by?

A
  • sertoli cells, with interspersed germ cells
  • spermatogonia in periphery
  • spermatozoa near the lumen
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4
Q

Where are the Leydig cells?

A

-Interstitial cells that lie between the tubules

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5
Q

What do the sertoli cells do?

A
  • provide nutrients to the differentiating sperm
  • form tight junctions with each other… creates blood testes barrier
  • secrete aqueous fluid into the lumen of tubules
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6
Q

What do the leydig cells do?

A

-synthesis and secretion of testosterone

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7
Q

What enzyme converts androstenedione to testosterone?

A
  • 17 B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

- the testes have this… so end product is testosterone

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8
Q

what is that thing in peripheral tissue that converts T to DHT?

A

-5a reductase

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9
Q

What doe LH stimulate in a dude?

A
  • conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

- it also regulates the overall rate of testosterone synthesis by leydig cell

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10
Q

what enzyme will turn testosterone into estradiol?

A
  • aromatase
  • happens in peripheral tissues
  • testis can do it too though
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11
Q

When is testosterone present in the fetal development?

A
  • 2 month of embryonic life

- presence or absence of it determines development of genital organs

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12
Q

What is the hormone that causes male patter growth and prostate growth?

A
  • DHT

- so we use 5a reductase inhibitors to deal with that

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13
Q

What kind of receptor is LH receptor?

A

GPCR!

  • cAMP-PKA pathway
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells (the “L”s line up!)
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14
Q

What cell does FSH stimulate?

A
  • the sertoli cell

- results in ptn synth and production of inhibin, ABP, aromatase…

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15
Q

What causes sertoli cells to nurse and form sperm?

A
  • FSH

- without this, there’s no spermiogenesis

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16
Q

What will help promote early division of sperm themselves?

A

GH

-used for infertility things

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17
Q

What does sertoli cells turn testosterone into when stimulated by FSH?

A

-estrogen!

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18
Q

at birth, how is the testosterone level?

A

-it’s low… like at 0

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19
Q

what is Kallman’s syndrome?

A
  • GnRH neurons fail to migrate into the hypothalamus during embryonic development
  • delayed or absent puberty
  • impaired sense of smell
  • hypogonadoptropic hypogonadism
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20
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A
  • Men with an extra X chromosome
  • look like male
  • low androgen production
  • seminiferous tubules are largely destroyed, leading to infertility
  • low T, high LH
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21
Q

At puberty, how will the hormone levels be at night?

A

-super high

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22
Q

In women, what is the hormone that surges every month?

A

LH

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23
Q

What are the ovarian cycle phases?

A
  • Follicular
  • Luteal
  • split in half (14 days each)
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24
Q

What are the endometrial cycle phases

A
  • menses first
  • proliferative
  • secretory (same as luteal which makes sense)
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25
At the end of the follicular phase, what do the granulosa cells secrete a lot of?
- estradiol! - makes endometrium go nutso - so, it coincides with the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle
26
In the luteal phase, what does the corpus luteum release a bunch of?
progesterone!
27
as the follicular phase progresses, what happens to the gonadotrophs in the ant pit?
- they get more sensitive to GnRH | - so each pulse lets out more and more LH... fun times
28
What receptors do the Theca cells have?
just LH
29
What receptors do the granulosa cells have?
LH and FSH receptors | -we need both hormones becuase neither cells can carry out all the required steps
30
What cells in the ovary secrete inhibin ?
the granulosa cells | -FSH stimulates them to make inhibins
31
What do inhibins do?
inhibit FSH production by gonadotrophs
32
What do activins do?
- come from same place | - they stimulate FSH release from pituitary cells
33
How is the negative feedback with estrogen and progesterone?
- E inhibits things at both high and low levels | - Progesterone inhibits at only high levels
34
What makes the HP axis reverse its sensitivity to estrogens, resulting in that goofy LH surge?
- when the ESTRADIOL levels reach a certain threshold for a minimum of 2 days - switch to positive feedback ... LH surge
35
What happens to LH and FSH as the luteal phase begins?
- they decrease rapidly | - estradiol, progesterone, and inhibin causes continued decrease of gonadotropin levels
36
as the corpus luteum dies off, what happens to progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin?
they all fall DOWN
37
What do the ovaries have that can convert androstenedione to estrone and testosterone to estradiol?
-aromatase!
38
What converts estrone to estradiol?
-17B HSD
39
What does the Theca cell make?
- testosterone | - stimulated by LH
40
What does the Granulosa cell make?
- Stimulated by FSH - Testosterone and estrone - get converted into estradiol by aromatase and 17B HSD respectively
41
What drives the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium?
estrogen
42
What does progesterone promote in the endometrium?
- differentiation of stromal cells into predecidual cells... must be prepared to form the decidua of pregnancy - or to orchestrate menstruation in the absence of pregnancy
43
What is the most common cause of infertility in women?
- PCOS - androgen excess... lots of folliculogensis... cysts! - adolescents
44
What is the presentation of PCOS?
- young, obese, hirsute females of reproductive age - oligomenorrhea or secondary amenorrhea - infertility - ELEVATED LH, LOW FSH, ELEVATED TESTOSTERONE
45
What will the hormone levels look like for PCOS again?
- high LH - Low FSH - high testosterone
46
What do sperm interact with in the zona pellucida during fertilization?
- ZP3 - then increase Ca2+ in sperm - ejection of acrosomal stuff - membrane fusion
47
What is it called when the male pronucleus and the female pronucleus merge?
-zygote
48
When does the blastocyst implant onto the uterine wall?
-6-7 days after fertilization
49
what is the order of the progress in fertilization?
- zygote - 2 cell - 4 cell - 16 cell morula - blastocyst: that is what implants
50
In implantation, what cells provide a feeder layer of continuously dividing cells?
-cytotrophoblasts
51
What do the syncytiotrophoblasts do?
- express adhesive ptns.... bind to components of the uterine extrecellular matrix - secrete LH-like ptn: hCG.
52
What does hCG do?
-maintains the viability of the corpus luteum of pregancy
53
What else dot he syncytiotrophoblasts secrete that makes them independent of the corpus luteum?
-progesterone
54
What happens to the endometrium when all the progesterone is released?
- glycogen-filled decidual cells form | - now it's ready for the embry to form
55
What vessels does the syncytiotrohpoblast invade first?
- the endometrial veins | - then the arteries
56
What are the 3 major structures of the mature placenta?
- Chorionic villi - Intervillous space - Decidua basalis
57
When does birth happen?
- 38 weeks after fertilization | - 40 weeks after last menstrual period
58
How does the fetus "decide" when it's time to come out?
- Placenta starts making CRH - fetal ACTH made - fetal cortsiol - + feedback - increased placental CRH - promotes contractions by sensitizing uterus to PG's and oxytocin
59
What does estrogen stimulate near parturition?
-synthesis of oxytocin receptors
60
What is beleived to initiate labor?
-PG's
61
What does relaxin do?
- keeps uterus quiescent during pregnancy | - softens and dilates cervix during labor
62
What does the fetal pituitary, adrenal, and placental membranes secrete near birth?
- oxytocin - cortisol - PG's
63
What inhibits the action of PRL even though it's at high levels?
-estrogen and progesterone
64
What is required to maintain lactation?
- suckling | - inhibits dopaminergic neurons
65
What does oxytocin do for lactation?
- causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells | - suckling causes more of this to be made
66
What are the 4 effects of suckling on hormone release?
1. ) suckling stimulus travels from breast to the hypothalamus 2. ) DA release is inhibited so PRL can do its thang 3. ) Spinal cord neurons stimulate production and release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary 4. ) spinal cord neurons inhibit the arcuate and preoptic area of the hypothalamus causing a fall in GnRH production

Repro 2 Midterm (9 decks)

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