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Science > Look Who's Wearing My Genes ( Living World) > Flashcards

Look Who's Wearing My Genes ( Living World) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organs are part of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens tube, prostate gland, and urethra.

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2
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

To produce sperm, and to make testosterone

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3
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

The epididymis stores sperm.

It collects sperm from the testis and provides the environment for sperm to mature and acquire the ability to move through the female reproductive system and fertilise an ovum.

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4
Q

What is the function of the vas deferen tube?

A

Transports sperm from the epididymis to the prostate gland.

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5
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

To secrete prostate fluid, (component of semen).

To help propel this semen through the urethra and into the female reproductive organ during ejaculation

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6
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Part of the urinary tract that transports urine from the bladder
Where semen is ejaculated.

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7
Q

What are female and male reproductive cells called? (ovum and sperm)

A

Gametes

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8
Q

What is the joining of the ovum and sperm called?

A

Fertilisation. The cell resulting from this is called a zygote.

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9
Q

What are the female reproductive organs?

A

The ovary, fallopian tube, uterus and vagina.

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10
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

The ovaries produce the female egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.

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11
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

A

Carries an ovum from the ovary to the uterus

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12
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

If the ovum is fertilized by the sperm it attaches to the wall of the uterus
If the ovum is not fertilized it travels past the uterus and out of the body

Is responsible for the development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy

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13
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

For sexual intercourse (penis to ejaculate)
The pathway that a baby takes out of a woman’s body during childbirth
The route for the menstrual blood (the period) to leave the body from the uterus.

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14
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of a cell

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15
Q

What does DNA look like?

A

A double helix - a ladder which has been twisted.

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16
Q

Outline how the Watson and Crick model of DNA explains the exact replication of DNA

A

Watson and Crick had proposed that in order to copy itself, DNA would have to open down the centre, sort of like a zipper coming apart, so that a new DNA strand could be built on top of the exposed strands. Following the rules of complimentary base pairing, adenine would pair with thymine, and cytosine would pair with guanine.

Watson and Crick figured that this model would result in two new double strands of DNA, each one with one strand of parent (or template) DNA and one strand of daughter (or newly-synthesized) DNA. They called this the semi-conservative model, because half of the parent DNA was conserved in each new DNA molecule.

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17
Q

How does the Watson and Crick model of DNA explains the changes in genes (mutations)

A

It shows how bases can mispair and cause a mutation. Illegitimate nucleotide pair (say, A–C) forms in DNA synthesis, leading to a base substitution.

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18
Q

What are some benefits of DNA models?

A
  • Able to identify the different parts easily
  • Allows for interaction
  • Provides an idea of structure and shape
  • Allows for colour coding to see or identify each part
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19
Q

Why was Watson and Crick’s model controversial?

A

Suggested the molecule was made of two chains of nucleotides, each in a helix as Franklin had found, but one going up and the other going down.

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20
Q

What are some limitations of DNA models?

A
  • Not to scale
  • Doesn’t represent the function of each part of the DNA
  • DNA is not coloured, therefore showing inaccurate information
  • Parts not in proportion with each other
  • Not making the same amount of DNA - model only represents part of the DNA
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21
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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22
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

DNA can be considered as the hereditary “code of life” or blueprint because it determines an organism’s characteristics which are passed on from one generation to the next.

23
Q

What is the DNA backbone?

A

Phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule

24
Q

What is the bases of the DNA?

A

The bases form the “rungs” of the DNA. T = Thymine, A = Adinine, C = Cystosine, G = Guanine.

T and A are a pair, and C and G are a pair.

25
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A particular set of genes an individual is carrying in letters. Eg. Aa, BB, dd

26
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Refers to the physical individual traits. Eg. brown hair

27
Q

What is replication of DNA?

A

DNA replication occurs just before the cell begins to divide.

Process of producing two identical copies from one original DNA molecule. This biological process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis for biological inheritance. Replication involves the DNA unzipping itself and a new copy is made. Each copy
will eventually be found in a new cell.

28
Q

What can be some causes to DNA mutations?

A

Exposure to radiation (x-rays), UV light rays, damaging chemicals (called carcinogens). These are called mutagens.

When the DNA is replicating to produce many cells.
This could happen in
the ovum and sperm while it is being created or when the zygote is dividing.

29
Q

What is sex-linked inheritance?

A

When DNA is transferred and passed on with genes that are faulty on the X and Y chromosomes.

30
Q

How can mutations affect the sequence of nucleotides in a gene?

A

Through insertions, deletions, or inversions of nucleotides.

31
Q

What are some disadvantages of mutations?

A

(results in diseases)
- defective proteins produced (e.g. Insulin > diabetes)
- cancer (e.g. Exposure to UV rays causes the DNA of one cell while replicating to create a wrong sequence in the bases resulting in skin cancer)
- genetic disorders (disorders passed on to offspring) Eg. Cystic fibrosis, Usher’s syndrome,
colour blindness, hemophilia
- chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down’s Syndrome [extra chromosome 21], Turner’s
Syndrome [missing sex chromosome XO])

32
Q

What are some advantages of mutations?

A

(allows for diversity in a species)
- This means a mutation may create a new characteristic/feature that can be passed on
through the generations. E.g. The variety that can be seen in dogs has been a result
of mutations that have been produced in which some have benefited the animals
survival.

33
Q

What influences phenotypes?

A

Both genes and the environment do, this is called Nature VS Nurture.

Environmental factors that affect how these inherited characteristics develop include:
- climate, diet, physical accidents, culture and lifestyle.

34
Q

What is biotechnology?

A

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or
animals or to utilise micro-organisms for specific uses.

35
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that are made up of DNA.

36
Q

What are genes?

A

• Genes are sections of DNA found within the chromosomes.

37
Q

How is the body organised (in cells)

A

Organism > organ system > organ> tissue > cell > nucleus > chromosome > DNA > genes

38
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

23 pairs. 46 chromosomes.

39
Q

What is the role of meiosis?

A

Produces gametes. Reduces chromosome number by half and introduces genetic variability among the gametes.

40
Q

What is the role of mitosis ?

A

Enables multi-cellular adult to arise from zygote; produces cells for growth and tissue repair.

41
Q

What is the number of daughter cells and genetic composition in mitosis?

A

There is two, each diploid.

They are genetically identical to the parent cell.

42
Q

What is the number of daughter cells and genetic composition in meiosis?

A

There is four, each haploid, containing half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

They are genetically nonidentical to the parent cell and to each other.

43
Q

How many divisions are there in meiosis?

A

Two.

44
Q

How many divisions are there in mitosis?

A

One.

45
Q

Where does meiosis take place in humans?

A

In sex cells - gametes. They take place in the ovaries and testes.

46
Q

What issues are considered with biotechnology?

A

Ethical - right or wrong in conduct
Moral - beliefs on what is right and wrong
Social - effect on members of society
Scientific - based on scientific evidence

47
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF (In-vitro fetilisation) is the process in which an ovum and sperm are fertilised outside the body (petri dish)

The embryo is the implanted into the mother’s uterus.

48
Q

How many types of cloning is there?

A
  1. Therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning.
49
Q

What is cloning?

A

The process of making a copy of either cell, DNA or the whole organism.

50
Q

What is reproductive cloning?

A

Reproductive cloning creates animals that are genetically identical. A nucleus from an adult cell is transferred to an egg cell without a nucleus. The cell begins to grow into an embryo in the womb

51
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Therapeutic cloning refers to a procedure that produces cells, specific body parts, and organs to be utilized for medical purposes (The ability to clone one person’s own organs could potentially eliminate the need for transplantation.)

Done in a petri dish.

52
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

Involves artificially picking the best organisms to breed so that the most desirable characteristics are passed on.

53
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to more cells of the same type. They can grow into any type of cell in the body

54
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Involves the insertion or deleting of a gene from DNA. This means the genetic code is altered by artificial means for the deliberate modification of characteristics.

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