Fit for Life

Question 1

How is the body organised?

Answer 1

Through:
Cells (eg. Muscle, nerve, skin, red blood, sperm, egg)
• Tissues (the same kind of cell-eg. Muscle tissue)
• Organs (different tissues together - eg. Heart [muscle + nerve tissue], Lung, Kidney, Brain)
• Organ systems (eg. The Circulatory System, The Digestive System, The Nervous System)
• Organism (a living thing-eg. Human)

Question 2

What are the main systems that coordinate the body? (COORDINATION SYSTEMS)

Answer 2

The nervoous system and the endocrine system

Question 3

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

Answer 3

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 4

What is the cell theory?

Answer 4

That all living things are made up of cells

Question 5

What are the parts in the digestive system?

Answer 5

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas and intestines.

Question 6

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 6

To extract nutrients from food and liquid. Each cell in the body requires water and nutrients for respiration. This process uses oxygen
and glucose to produce energy for the cells, carbon dioxide and water.

Question 7

What are the parts of the central nervous system?

Answer 7

The brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain. The brain sends out and receives messages and processes information about the internal and external environment.

Question 8

What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 8

Nerve cells such as motor nerves and sensory nerves. The nerve cells transmit messages about the external environment to the brain and transmit instructions from the brain to the effectors (glands, muscles, and organs)

Question 9

What is the overall function of the nervous system?

Answer 9

To control the body and receive messages from the environment.

Question 10

What are the parts of the excretory system?

Answer 10

The kidneys, liver, and lungs.

Question 11

What is the function of the excretory system?

Answer 11

All cells in the body produces wastes which need to be removed. Cleanses the blood. Rids the body of wastes. Maintains salt and water balance.

Question 12

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 12

The trachea, lungs, and diaphragm.

Question 13

How does the respiratory system work?

Answer 13

oxygen is extracted from inhaled air into the blood stream; carbon dioxide is expelled

Question 14

How does the excretory system work?

Answer 14

• liver detoxifies harmful chemicals before they are filtered by the kidneys
- Kidneys filter wastes (water and salt) from blood to form urine
• lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood

Question 15

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 15

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. All cells in the body require oxygen to function.

Question 16

What is the parts of the circulatory system?

Answer 16

The heart, veins and arteries

Question 17

How does the circulatory system work?

Answer 17

The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. . The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart.

Question 18

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 18

The circulatory system provides a way of transporting nutrients to all cells in the body

Also removes waste products (eg urea, salts, water, carbon dioxide) that the cells have produced.
Some chemicals move out of the body via the kidney and bladder, gases such as carbon dioxide are exhaled out of the body via the lungs.

Question 19

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

Answer 19

The bones and the skeleton.

Question 20

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Answer 20

provides support and leverage for motion; also protects the brain (skull) and internal organs
(ribcage)

Question 21

What is a reflex arc?

Answer 21

A special nerve pathway for rapid response.

Question 22

How does the reflex arc work?

Answer 22

Sensory nerve detects heat > message sent to spinal chord > return message sent to motor nerve telling hand to move away

A reflex arc travels straight from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector muscle.

Question 23

How does adrenaline work in the body?

Answer 23

A hormone is released adrenaline from the adrenal gland. This hormone targets muscles of the heart, the muscles controlling the size of your pupils of the eye, your airways. The body response by increased heart rate, breathing heavy or quicker, greater flow of blood to the muscles therefore getting you ready for the situation.

Question 24

What is the difference between infection and non-infectious diseases?

Answer 24

INFECTIOUS DISEASES can be transferred (eg. Cold, flu, chickenpox)
• NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES cannot be spread (eg. Diabetes, arthritis)

Question 25

What can cause infectious diseases?

Answer 25

• Microorganisms which cause infectious diseases are called Pathogens
• Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Protists cause infectious diseases.

Question 26

How does the body respond to infectious diseases?

Answer 26

Responses to an infectious disease results in fevers, coughing, rashes, bloating, feeling cold,
headache, diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea etc

Question 27

How many lines of defence is there in the body?

Answer 27

Three. First line, second line and last line of defence.

Question 28

What is the first line of defence?

Answer 28

These are natural barriers. This includes the skin, nasal hairs, coughing, bodily fluids (saliva, tears), stomach acid, mucus

Question 29

What is the second line of defence?

Answer 29

Inflammation

• increased blood flow, white blood cells destroy foreign particles - results in redness, swelling, heat and pus
• T helper cells to fight the virus

Question 30

What is the last line of defence?

Answer 30

• The Lymphatic System
• contains white blood cells
• filters and traps foreign particles
• Specific white blood cells called T-cells and B-Cells - Antibodies to kill the pathogen

Question 31

What are some non-infectious diseases?

Answer 31

1. nutritional-not enough vitamins/mineral eg. results in malnutrition, heart disease, anaemia, scurvy
2. ageing-gradual breakdown of bodily tissues results in arthritis, heart disease, osteoporosis
3. cancer
4. inherited-diseases passed on from generation to generation -eg. Hemophilia, color blindness
5. mental-caused by chemical deficiencies, stress, trauma results in depression, schizophrenia,
   anxiety
6. chemical deficiency-eg. Diabetes
7. environmental-exposure to toxins such as asbestos

Question 32

How does the body respond to non-infectious diseases?

Answer 32

It could include lower blood pressure, gaining weight, pain in joints, sore back etc depending on the condition

Question 33

How do vaccines work?

Answer 33

1. The vaccine is injected. It contains a weak or dead form of the virus
2. The immune system identifies the vaccine as a foreign substance
3. The immune system produces millions of antibodies which kill the substances in the vaccine.
   Antibodies are made by white blood cells
4. The body stockpiles these antibodies. When the real virus infects the person, the antibodies
   will fight and destroy the virus before it causes disease

Question 34

What does pandemic mean?

Answer 34

A disease prevalent over a whole country or the world

Question 35

What does epidemic mean?

Answer 35

A widespread occurence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Question 36

What does the adrenal gland release?

Answer 36

Releases adrenaline =f ight or flight response

Question 37

What does the pituitary gland release?

Answer 37

Releases growth hormone which stimulates growth

Question 38

What does the hypothalamus release?

Answer 38

Releases vasopressin which controls blood pressure and water balance

Question 39

What do the hormones released by endocrine glands do in the body>

Answer 39

Causes target responses eg. Control of metabolic reactions, growth, development reproduction.

Hormones travel through blood stream and modify the activity of cells in response to a stimulus

Question 40

What is the main purpose of the endocrine system

Answer 40

Provides slow control or slow response or longer lasting responses