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Science > Kitchen/Home Chemistry (Chemical World) > Flashcards

Kitchen/Home Chemistry (Chemical World) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the neutralisation reaction word equation?

A

Acid + base > salt + water

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2
Q

What is an example of neutralisation?

A

HCl + NaOH > NaCl + h20

Hydrochloric ACID + sodium HYRDOXIDE > sodium chloride + water

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3
Q

What is the word equation for acid and metal reactions?

A

metal + hydrochloric acid > salt + hydrogen gas

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4
Q

What is an example of acid and metal reactions?

A

Mg + 2HCl > MgCl2 + H2

Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid > Magnesium chloride + hydrogen

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5
Q

How is hydrogen detected?

A

Bubbling during the reaction. Through a pop test. Hydrogen can be ignited.

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6
Q

How do you recover the salt in neutralisation?

A

Using the evaporation technique. The solution is poured in an evaporating basin, which is heated by a bunsen burner and left to evaporate until salt crystals have been formed.

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7
Q

What is the word equation for acid - carbonate reactions?

A

Acid + carbonate > water + carbon dioxide + salt

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8
Q

What is an example of acid and carbonate reactions?

A

HCl + CaCO3 > H2O + CaCl2 + CO2

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9
Q

How do you detect the presence of carbon dioxide produced in acid carbonate reactions?

A

Through limewater. A positive test will result in the limewater turning milky. Limewater turns milky as the Calcium hydroxide (chemical name for limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to form Calcium Carbonate which is insoluble in water and thus forms a milky white precipitate.

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10
Q

How do you distinguish acids in compounds?

A

Most acid compounds begin with the letter h. An Acid is a substance that gives H+ ions when dissolved in water.
Acids are compounds that contain Hydrogen

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11
Q

Examples of acid compounds

A
  • hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  • sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
  • nitric acid (HNO3)
  • carbonic acid (H2CO3
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12
Q

How do you distinguish bases in compounds?

A

Most bases end with OH. A Base is a substance that gives OH- ions when dissolved in water.
Bases are usually metal hydroxides.

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13
Q

Examples of base compounds

A
  • sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
  • potassium hydroxide (KOH)
  • ammonia (NH3)
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14
Q

How do you distinguish salts in compounds?

A

Salts contain the first half of a base + the last half of an acid

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15
Q

Example of salt compounds

A
  • sodium chloride (NaCl)
  • sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
  • ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)
  • magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
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16
Q

How do you distinguish carbonates in compounds?

A

All carbonates are salts ending with CO3

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17
Q

Example of carbonate compounds

A
  • zinc carbonate (ZnCO3)
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18
Q

How do you distinguish oxide compounds?

A

They end in O

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19
Q

Example of oxide compounds

A
  • iron oxide (FeO)

- tin oxide (SnO)

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20
Q

What is an indicator?

A

Indicators can tell whether a substance is an acid or base by changing color

21
Q

What are some examples of indicators?

A

Some common indicators are: universal indicator, litmus, methyl orange

22
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential of hydrogen

23
Q

How is completing the Student Research Project similar to the scientific method that scientists use to solve scientific problems?

A

Because it identifies a question, creates a hypothesis, conducts a fair test, and analyses results.

NOTE: MAKE SURE TO EXPAND ON EACH IF GIVEN THIS QUESTION

24
Q

How do you increase reliability in an experiment?

A

By repeating the experiment and increasing the sample size.

A scientific investigation is reliable or precise if the results are highly repeatable or reproducible as there is LITTLE RELATIVE ERROR

25
Q

How do you increase validity in an experiment?

A

By controlling all possible variable except for the independent variable (ones being tested).

A valid scientific investigation (also called a controlled experiment or fair test) is one that fairly tests the hypothesis.

26
Q

How do you increase accuracy in an experiment?

A

By using the most appropriate measuring instrument correctly, for example reading the meniscus, performing calculations correctly using appropriate significant values and using correct values for constants.

The accuracy of results is the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated quantity to it’s actual (or true value)

27
Q

What is a reactant?

A

The starting materials/chemicals in a reaction

28
Q

What is a product?

A

New chemicals formed by a reaction

29
Q

What is the rule with matter?

A

Matter can neither be created or destroyed in a reaction. The total number of atoms in the
reactants=the total number of atoms in the products.

30
Q

What are compounds?

A

Compounds are new substances that are formed in chemical reactions when atoms rearrange.

31
Q

What happens during chemical reactions?

A

Chemical reactions transfer energy TO, or FROM, the surroundings.

32
Q

In a reaction, reactants are turned into products but in order to do this, the atoms of the reactants must be pulled apart by breaking the bonds between them.

Energy is needed to break bonds and is released when bonds are made.

Breaking bonds are? Making bonds are?

A

Breaking bonds is endothermic.

Making bonds is exothermic.

33
Q

What are some examples of EXOthermic reactions?

A

Rusting iron, any burning (combustion), neutralisation between acids and alkalis, the reaction between water and calcium oxide, explosions

34
Q

What are some examples of ENDOthermic reactions?

A

Photosynthesis, melting ice, baking bread, cooking an egg, electrolysis

35
Q

What happens in an exothermic reaction?

A

Energy is released into the surroundings as heat. As a result, the temperature of the surroundings increases.

36
Q

What happens in an endothermic reaction?

A

Energy is absorbed from the surroundings. As a result the temperature of the surroundings drop.

37
Q

THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION CAN BE CHANGED BY ALTERING THE TEMPERATURE.

If the temperature is increased…

A
  • The reactant particles move more quickly
  • They have more energy
  • The particles collide more often because of this, and more of the collisions are successful
  • Thus the rate of reaction increases.
38
Q

In a chemical reaction if the temperature condition is decreased…

A
  • Molecules are slower
  • Collide less
  • sometimes you will mix solutions in ice so that the temperature of the system stays cold and the rate of reaction is slower*
39
Q

THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION CAN ALSO BE CHANGED BY IT’S CONCENTRATION AND PRESSURE.

What happens if the substance is more dense, and what happens if it is less?

A

If there is more substance in a system, there is a greater chance that molecules will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction as the reactant particles become more crowded.

If there is less of something, there will be fewer collisions and the reaction will happen at a slower speed.

40
Q

How can concentration be used as a factor in chemical reactions?

A

By adding less or more of one solution or another.

41
Q

How can pressure be used as a factor in chemical reactions?

A

Increasing or decreasing the pressure in a gaseous reactant, contributing to it’s density and number of collisions.

REACTION RATES FOR SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS REMAIN UNAFFECTED BY INCREASES IN PRESSURE

42
Q

Combustion is an exothermic reaction. What is the word equation for this reaction?

A

fuel + oxygen > combustion product + heat

> = ignition source (friction, electrical sparks)

Fuel includes solid (wood, paper, coal), liquid (petrol, alcohol, keroone) and gas substances (methane, hydrogen, propane)

43
Q

How do you stop or prevent a combustion reaction?

A

Remove the fuel, the oxygen or ignition source.

44
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The decay (loss of metallic properties in strength, lustre or shine, and electrical conductivity) of a metal that occurs when a metallic substance oxidises after exposure to gases or liquids.

45
Q

What is rust?

A

Rust is a form of corrosion where iron interacts with moist air to form one type of iron oxide (Fe2O3). Rust can only occur when oxygen and water is present.

46
Q

What is a chemical equation of corrosion?

A

Fe + O2 > FeO2

47
Q

How can you prevent corrosion

A

Using non corrosive metals such as Aluminium and stainless steel
Keeping the area around the metal surface dry
Using drying agents and moisture barrier products
Use corrosive inhibitors (lacquers, painting, grease oil)
Galvanising (cover the metal with zinc to slow down the corrosive process)

48
Q

What are some examples of materials that have been used in car manufacturing?

A

Graphene, Aerogel, Smartphone glass, Hydrogen fuel cell.

49
Q

What do we need to consider with new products?

A

Considerations as to whether society will benefit from it, and as well as environmental issues and ethical considerations regarding employees.

Science (8 decks)

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