Logical Reasoning

Question 1

Analogical Reasoning

Answer 1

drawing conclusions about an object or phenomenon based on its similarities to something else

Question 2

Figurative Analogy

Answer 2

an analogy where the two things under comparison are not essentially the same

Question 3

Literal Analogy

Answer 3

an analogy where the two things under comparison have sufficient or significant similarities to be compared fairly

Question 4

Logical Fallacies

Answer 4

mistakes in reasoning; erroneous conclusions or statements made from poor inductive or deductive analyses

Question 5

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 5

a type of reasoning in which examples or specific instances are used to supply strong evidence for (though not absolute proof of) the truth of the conclusion

Question 6

Generalization

Answer 6

a form of inductive reasoning that draws conclusions based on recurring patterns or repeated observations

Question 7

Causal reasoning

Answer 7

a form of inductive reasoning that seeks to make cause-effect connections

Question 8

Sign Reasoning

Answer 8

a form of inductive reasoning in which conclusions are drawn about phenomena based on events that precede or co-exist with (but not cause) a subsequent event

Question 9

Analogical Reasoning

Answer 9

about an object or phenomenon based on its similarities to something else

Question 10

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 10

a type of reasoning in which a conclusion is based on the combination of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

Question 11

Syllogism

Answer 11

a three-sentence argument composed of a major premise (a generalization or principle that is accepted as true), a minor premise (and example of the major premise), and a conclusion

Question 12

Enthymeme

Answer 12

a syllogism with one of the premises missing

Question 13

False Analogy

Answer 13

a fallacy where two things are compared that do not share enough (or key) similarities to be compared fairly

Question 14

False Cause

Answer 14

a general fallacy involving causal reasoning, where it is assumed that something that is neither strong or direct enough has caused something else, or something that happened first in time caused something later

Question 15

Slippery Slope

Answer 15

a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent events that cannot be prevented

Question 16

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 16

using progression in time as the reason for causation, but nothing else

Question 17

Hasty Generalization

Answer 17

making a generalization with too few examples

Question 18

Straw Man appeal to pity or emotions to hide lack of facts or argument

Answer 18

a fallacy that shows only the weaker side of an opponent’s argument in order to more easily tear it down

Question 19

Argument from Silence

Answer 19

Making a converse argument from lack of evidence or information about a conclusion

Question 20

Statistical Fallacies

Answer 20

Small sample, Unrepresentavtive Sample, Unscientific

Question 21

Non Sequitur

Answer 21

a fallacy where the conclusion does not follow from its premise

Question 22

Inappropriate Appeal to Authority

Answer 22

not all sources are credible

Question 23

False Dilema

Answer 23

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Question 24

Appeal to Tradition

Answer 24

Arguing that traditional practice and long-term history is the only reason for continuing a policy

Question 25

Bandwagon

Answer 25

a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Question 26

Red Herring

Answer 26

creating a diversion or introducing an irrelevant point to distract someone or get someone off the subject of the argument

Question 27

Ad Hominem

Answer 27

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Question 28

Ad Misericordium

Answer 28

inappropriate appeal to pity or emotions to hide lack of facts or argument

Question 29

Plain Folks

Answer 29

Powerful persons will often try to make themselves appear like the “common man.”

Question 30

Guilt by Association

Answer 30

if two things bear any relationship at all, they are comparable.