Loftus and Palmer Flashcards
Define Schema
a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.
Aim
To invetigate the effect of leading questions on an individuals ability to accuratly remember events
Design
Laboratory experiment using an independent measures deisgn
Advantages of laboratory experiment
HIghly controlled, no extraneous varibales
Disadvantages of laboratory experiment
Enviornment is artificial, so they might chnage their answer to teh one teh researcher may like
Advanatges of independent measures
No issue with order effects
Disadvanatges of independent measures
Twice as many particpants are needed
Partcipants
45 American student divided into 5 groups, each having 9 participants in each group
IV
The verb in teh critical question
Hwo fast was were teh cars going when tehy hit
DV
The estimate of speed given by the participants
Procedure
All participants were shown 7 the film clips and then given a questionnaire. To prevent order effects influencing the results, the groups were presented with a deiffernt ordering of teh films. EAch group of participants received one critical question in teh experiment. The exeperiemtn was one hour and a half.
Examples of results
The estimated speed was affected by the verb used. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants’ memory of the accident.
Participants who were asked the “smashed” question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the “hit” question.
Findings statistics
hit = 34mph Smashed = 40.8mph
Conclusion
Due to reponse bias factors, where a partipcnt is ucertain of teh correct answer and the wording of teh question influences the answer they given
Conclusion 2
The form of teh question cuases a change in teh participants memory representation of the accident
Experiement 2: DEsign
Lab experiment unsign independetn participants
Experiment 2: Participants
150 American students were divided into 3 groups with 50 partipants in each group
Exeprimetn 2: IV
The wording of teh question
EXpeirment 2: DV
The asnwer to this question
Experiment 2:Procedure
All participants were shown a film clip and then given 3 versions of the first questionnaire
One week later all partipants returened adn answered teh questionanire
EXperiemtn 2:Control
All participants simialr age
Asked similar questions
Watched teh same film clip
Tested in same location
EXperimetn 2: results
Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to report seeing broken glass.
What are teh two kinds of informatioon that create a persons memory of an event?
Information obtained from seeing teh evnt
Information supplied after teh event
Define reconstrcutive hypothesis
Information from seeing and after an event merge into one memory
