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Human Movement > Locomotion > Flashcards

Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

Define locomotion

A

Variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another.

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2
Q

Define activity

A

Task you perform in your daily routine or in the context of your social activity. It requires multiple structures and functions.

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3
Q

Do you need big samples to assess gait cycle in the context of treadmill walking ?

A

No. In this conditions the gait cycle is a rhythmic pattern performed without consciousness (automatically). Its structure is repeated over and over.

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4
Q

Define human gait

A

It’s a type of locomotion, that uses movements sequences of several body segments in order to propel the body forward with the least energy expenditure.

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5
Q

What are the different perspectives when studying gait ?

A
  • kinetics : study of forces acting in muscles
  • kinematics : study of the movements taking place when walking
  • dynamic and static posture analysis
  • motor control : study of the motor planning and execution
  • research : focused on properties and alteration of the gait
  • clinical/ functional assessment : the use of references to identify the abnormal
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of human gait ?

A
  • spatial : considering the stride length and the step length
  • temporal : considering the speed and the cadence
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7
Q

Define stride length and stride width

A

Stride length : the distance you cover when you do 2 steps. It equals to a gait cycle.
Stride width : how distant the feet are from the center line from a frontal plane perspective. It can be negative. The reference is the width of the pelvis.

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8
Q

Define the angle of progression ?

A

The angle of rotation present in the lower limp when walking.

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9
Q

Define speed and cadence

A
  • speed : is the distance covered in an hour. The average is 4,5 km/h but it depends on the person’s preference and not only their morphology.
  • cadence : is the number of steps per minute. The average is from 60 to 120 steps/ minute.
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10
Q

How can you modulate the gait speed ?

A

By modifying the cadence or the stride length.

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11
Q

What are the requirements for normal gait

A
  • upright position with the body weight equally supported by the lower limbs
  • proper weight transfer
  • center of mass projection within the base of support
  • constant sensorial information (ex: visual, proprioceptive)
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12
Q

Define gait cycle and describe its two main phases

A

It is the time from when the foot touches the ground to the time it touches it again. It is composed by stance phase which represents 60% in normal gait cycle and swing phase which represents 40% of normal gait cycle.

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13
Q

What are the different interphases of the stance phase ?

A

All the different moments when your foot is in contact with the ground :

  • heel strike
  • foot flat
  • mid stance
  • heel-off
  • toe-off
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14
Q

What are the interphases of the swing phase ?

A
  • acceleration
  • mid-swing
  • deceleration
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15
Q

What are all the interphases of the gait cycle ?

A
  • STANCE PHASE :
Heel strike 
Foot flat 
Mid-stance 
Heel off 
Toe off
  • SWING PHASE :

Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration

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16
Q

What happens to the duration of stance phase when you accelerate the speed ?

A

The foot spends less time on the ground and the stance phase proportion is reduced.

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17
Q

What are the requirements to achieve stability in the gait cycle ?

A
  • motor control
  • proper plantar function / structure
  • proper strength levels
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18
Q

Name two structures that can influence the limb progression

A
  • opposite plantar flexors

- hip extensors

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19
Q

Describe what happens during the first foot rocker

A
  • loading response
  • OKC
  • fulcrum = ankle
  • plantar flexion
  • eccentric contraction of the dorsi flexors
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20
Q

Describe the second foot rocker

A
  • CKC
  • fulcrum = ankle
  • tibial motion over the foot
  • ankle dorsiflexion
  • foot is not moving
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21
Q

Describe the third foot rocker

A
  • CKC
  • forefoot rocker during heel-off
  • fulcrum = metatarso-phalangial
  • passive extension of the toes
  • shift of body weight
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22
Q

What happens to foot positioning when one walk fast ?

A

The forefoot contacts the ground instead of the heel.

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23
Q

At normal seep what happens if the foot is not properly positioned ?

A
  • the knee is slightly flexed

- it causes injuries lie ankle sprain

24
Q

Explain the foot clearance mechanism and describe the muscles activating to make it happen

A

It happens to make sure one has enough space between the foot and the floor to make the swing happens.
It takes place during toe-off, swing phase and heel-strike.
It implies
- hip flexors
- knee flexors
- dorsiflexors

25
Q

What is affected in the syndrome of “drop foot”

A
  • the nerve controlling ankle dorsiflexion is affected.
  • the limb progression becomes difficult.
  • the patient compensate by flexing the hip and knee more.
26
Q

What are the requirements for proper heel strike

A
  • proper foot positioning to allow optimal shock absorption caused by ground reaction forces.
  • calcaneus hits the ground
  • dorsiflexors (to keep the foot in neutral position)
  • knee flexors/ extensors (knee has to be nearly in full extension)
  • coordination
27
Q

What causes ankle sprain when foot contacts the ground ?

A
  • ankle plantar flexion

- foot inversion

28
Q

During which phases of the gait cycle is there a double support ?

A

Double support I :

  • initial contact
  • loading response

Double support II :
- pre swing

29
Q

During which phases of the gait cycle is there a single support (of the considered leg) ?

A
  • mid-stance

- terminal-stance

30
Q

Describe the joint kinematics at heel strike

A

It’s a moment not a movement ! Double support takes place

  • hip is flexed (20/30°)
  • knee nearly in full extension (0/5°)
  • ankle is neutral
31
Q

What allows the chock absorption during the loading response ?

A
  • eccentric contraction of the ankle dorsiflexors
32
Q

Describe the joint kinematics of the loading response

A
  • it’s the first movement
  • first foot rocker
  • the last instant of double support
  • hip is slightly flexed
  • the knee is in eccentric flexion with the purpose of load absorption
  • the ankle is in eccentric plantar flexion with the purpose of load absorption
33
Q

What is the most challenging phase for the balance ?

A

Mid stance

34
Q

Describe the joints kinematics during mid stance

A
  • longest phase of the gait cycle
  • momentum acquired by opposite limb
  • second foot rocker
  • hip extension
  • knee extension
  • ankle dorsiflexion
  • gluteus med (hip abductor) stabilizes the pelvis (about 5° of pelvic tilt) on the side of support
  • gastrocnemius stabilizes the tibia (“triceps surae”)
35
Q

What is tredelenbourg sign?

A
  • excessive pelvic tilt on the contra lateral side
    = limping
  • sign of gluteus med weakness
  • signe of inability to maintain the pelvis stable
36
Q

Describe the joint kinematics of terminal stance

A
  • Third foot rocker
  • hip reaches its peak of extension (adductor longus works eccentric here)
  • knee is kept close to full extension (gastrocnemius still stabilizing )
  • ankle is still dorsi flexing (!) due to forward movement of the tibia
  • heel rise
  • begging of weight transfer to the other limb
37
Q

How do we conventionally describe the general motion of the lower limps during mid stance ?

A

It’s trajectory follows the motion of an inverted pendulum.

38
Q

Describe the joint kinematics in pre swing phase

A
  • End of stance phase
  • body weight has been transferred to the opposite limb
  • hip and knee start to flex : rectus femoris provides an eccentric contraction allowing the flexion (it controls both knee and hip)
  • maximal plantar flexion with toe-off propulsion
39
Q

Describe the joint kinematics in initial swing phase

A
  • OKC
  • acceleration phase
  • hip, knee and ankle concentric flexion ( the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus are working eccentrically because AB° and ADD° happens at the same time)
  • foot clearance mechanisms
40
Q

Describe the joint kinematics in mid-swing

A
  • hip flexion
  • knee starts extension : It’s a turning point because previously flexed articulation will start to extend again
  • ankle is neutral : isometric contraction of foot extensors
41
Q

Describe the joints kinematics of terminal swing

A
  • deceleration phase
  • hamstrings are working eccentrically to stabilize hip and knee this is the phase in which they work the most
  • hip flexion motion decelerates
  • knee is almost fully extended
  • ankle stabilized in neutral position
42
Q

What is the direction of plantar loading progression during stance phase ?

A

Posterior to anterior

43
Q

Regarding plantar loading progression in stance phase, when does the maximum load happens ?

A

Between mid-stance and terminal stance

44
Q

What is the purpose of adductor longus eccentric contraction in terminal stance ?

A
  • controlling the movement of the hip articulation
  • help reaching the pic value of hip extension
  • it’s an eccentric contraction because the muscle is lengthening to control the hip extension
45
Q

What is the purpose of gluteus medius concentric contraction during the stance phase ?

A

As it stabilize the hip during stance. There is 5° pelvic tilt so it’s not fully isometric.

46
Q

Why does extensors digitorum work eccentrically in swing phase ?

A

To hold the ankle in a neutral position

47
Q

Why does the rectus femoris contract eccentrically in pre swing phase ?

A

Because it controls the knee flexion

48
Q

What are the purposes of each type of contraction in the gait cycle ?

A 
Isometric = stability 
Concentric = propulsion 
Eccentric = control
49
Q

Name the important bi articular muscles acting in gait cycle

A
  • biceps femoris
  • rectus femoris
  • sartorius
  • gastrocnemius
50
Q

What is the role of biceps femoris in gait cycle ?

A
  • bi articular nature
  • active in the final stages of the gait cycle such as terminal swing
  • decelerates the hip and knee flexion
51
Q

What is the role of rectus femoris in gait cycle ?

A
  • controls knee and hip range of motion in pre-swing
52
Q

What is the role of sartorius in gait cycle ?

A
  • in swing phase
  • when acceleration takes place
  • it is responsible for flexing the hip and the knee
53
Q

What is the role of gastrocnemius in gait cycle ?

A
  • active in mid-stance
  • active in terminal stance
  • it locks the knee in extension
  • it controls the ankle in extension
54
Q

Who is responsible for the hip motion in mid stance ?

A

Momentum and propulsion

55
Q

Give examples of muslces shortening and lengthening at the same time and when in the gait cycle ?

A
  • rectus femoris : stretches distally and contracts proximally in pre swing or initial swing
  • gastrocnemius : stretches distally and contracts proximally in initial swing
  • hamstrings : pre swing/ initial swing

Human Movement (11 decks)

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