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Human Movement > Ankle And Foot Biomechanics > Flashcards

Ankle And Foot Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the foot ?

A
  • the hind foot = talus and calcaneus
  • the mid foot = the navicular, cuboids and the 3 cuneiforms
  • the fore foot = the metatarsals, proximal, middle and distal phalanx
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2
Q

Which bones compose the talocrural joint ?

A
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • talus
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3
Q

What is the mortise ?

A

The talocrural joint, or ankle, is the articulation o the trochlea (dome) and sides o the talus with the rectangular cavity ormed by the distal end of the tibia and both malleoli. The talocrural joint is often referred to as the “mortise,” owing to its resemblance to the wood joint used by carpenters.

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4
Q

What is the role of lateral malleolus ?

A

It works as an anatomical pulley for the fibularis longus and brevis

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5
Q

Why is the foot slightly externally rotated in natural stance ?

A

Because the distal end of the tibia is twisted externally

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6
Q

Describe the kinematics of ankle plantar and dorsi flexion

A

Because the talocrural joint displays a deviation of 10° in the frontal plane :

  • dorsiflexion is associated with abduction and eversion
  • plantarflexion is associated with adduction and inversion

Dorsiflexion takes place in the sagittal plane along the frontal axis and has 20° ROM
Plantarflexion takes place in the sagittal plane along the frontal axis and has 50° ROM

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7
Q

Is plantarflexion or dorsiflexion more stable ? Why ?

A

Dorsiflexion is more stable as the talus slides posteriorly and its wider anterior aspect is wedged.

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8
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of ankle plantar/dorsi flexion in open kinematic chain

A

Ankle plantar flexion : convex talus glides on concave mortise and the glide is postero anterior
Ankle dorsi flexion l convex talus glides on concave mortise and the glide is antero posterior

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9
Q

Name the lateral collateral ligaments of the talocrural joint, what is their role ?

A
  • the anterior talofibular ligament
  • the calcaneofibular ligament
  • the posterior talofibular ligament

They prevent excessive inversion

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10
Q

Name the medial ligaments of the talocrural joint, what is their role ?

A

It’s a group of 4 ligaments composing the “deltoid ligament”

  • posterior tibiotalar ligament
  • tibiocalcaneal ligament
  • tibio navicular ligament
  • anterior tibiotalar ligament

They prevent excessive eversion and are stronger than the lateral ligaments of the talocrural joint altogether

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11
Q

Which ligaments limit ankle plantar flexion ?

A
  • anterior talofibular ligament

- anterior tibiotalar ligament

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12
Q

Which ligaments limit ankle dorsiflexion

A
  • posterior tibiotalar ligament

- posterior talofibular ligament

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13
Q

Which ligaments limit external rotation ?

A
  • tibionavicular ligament

- anterior tibiotalar ligament

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14
Q

Which ligament limits internal rotation ?

A
  • anterior talofibular ligament
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15
Q

Name the agonists of ankle plantarflexion

A

1) gastrocnemius
Origin : condyles of the femur, posterior surface
Insertion : calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

2) soleus
Origin : soleal line; proximal, posterior surface of tibia and posterior aspect of head of fibula
Insertion : calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

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16
Q

Name the synergists of ankle plantarflexion

A

1) Tibialis posterior
Origin : proximal posterior shaft of tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion : all five tarsal bones, and bases of second through fourth metatarsals

2) Fibulris longus
Origin : head of fibula
Insertion : base of first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

3) Fibularis brevis
Origin : distal two third of lateral fibula
Insertion : tuberosity of fifth metatarsal

4) Flexor digitorum longus
Origin : middle posterior surface of the tibia
Insertion : distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

5) Flexor hallucis longus
Origin : middle half of posterior tibia
Insertion : distal phalanx of first toe

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17
Q

Name the antagonists of plantar flexion

A

1) Tibialis anterior
Origin : lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion : medial cuneiform and base of the fifth metatarsal

2) Extensor digitorum longus
Origin : lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion : middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

3) extensor hallucis longus
Origin : middle anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion : distal phalanx of first toe

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18
Q

Name the agonist muscle of ankle dorsiflexion

A

1) Tibialis anterior
Origin : lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion : medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal

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19
Q

Name the synergists muscles of ankle dorsiflexion

A

1) Extensor digitorum longus
Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane
Insertion : middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

2) Extensor hallucis longus
Origin : middle, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion : distal phalanx of first toe

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20
Q

Name the antagonists of ankle dorsiflexion

A

1) gastrocnemius
2) soleus
3) Tibialis posterior
4) fibularis longus
5) fibularis brevis
6) flexor digitorum longus
7) flexor hallucis longus

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21
Q

Name the articulations forming the subtalar joint

A
  • posterior facets of talus and calcaneus
  • anterior facets of talus and calcaneus
  • lateral facets of talus and calcaneus
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22
Q

Describe planes of motion and ROM of the subtalar joint

A
  • ankle eversion : plane is diagonal (axis perpendicular) ROM = 18°
  • ankle inversion : plane is diagonal (axis perpendicular) ROM = 25-30°
23
Q

Define pronation of subtalar joint

A

Composed of eversion and abduction

24
Q

Define supination of the subtalar joint

A

Composed by inversion and adduction

25
Q

Name the subtalar joint ligaments

A
  • interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments : main stabilizer of the subtalar joint
  • medial talocalcaneal ligament
  • lateral talocalcaneal ligament
  • posterior talocalcaneal ligament
26
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of subtalar inversion

A
  • posterior convex surface of calcaneus medially rolls on posterior concave surface of talus so the glide is lateral
  • anterior concave surface of calcaneus medially rolls on anterior convex surface of talus so the glide is medial
27
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of subtalar eversion

A
  • convex posterior surface of the calcaneus laterally rolls on concave posterior surface of the talus so the glide is medial
  • concave anterior surface of the calcaneus laterally rolls on convex anterior surface of the talus so the glide is lateral
28
Q

Name the articulations forming the transverse tarsal joint

A
  • the talonavicular joint

- the calcaneocuboid joint

29
Q

What types of motions are a combination of subtalar and transverse tarsal joint ?

A
  • pronation : eversion + abduction + dorsiflexion

- supination : inversion + adduction + plantarflexion

30
Q

When deosn’t the concave / convex rule apply ?

A

For pronation and supination movements of the transverse tarsal joints (?)

31
Q

Name the ligament of the calcaneocuboid joint

A
  • dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
  • plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
  • bifurcate ligament
  • long plantar ligament
32
Q

What is the main purpose of the calcaneocuboid joint ?

A

It receives the body weight transmitted on the lateral part of the longitudinal arch of the foot

33
Q

Name the agonists for subtalar eversion

A

1) fibularis longus
Origin : head of fibula
Insertion : base of first metatarsal and medial cuneiform

2) fibularis brevis
Origin : distal 2/3rd of fibula
Insertion : tuberosity of fifth metatarsal

34
Q

Name the synergists of subtalar eversion

A

1) extensor digitorum longus
Origin : lateral condyle of the tibia, interosseous membrane
Insertion : middle and distal phalanges of second through fifth toes

35
Q

Name the antagonists of subtalar eversion

A

1) Tibialis posterior
2) Flexor digitorum longus
3) Flexor hallucis longus
4) Extensor hallucis longus

36
Q

Name the agonists of subtalar inversion

A

1) Tibialis anterior
Origin : lateral condyle of tibia
Insertion : medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal

2) Tibialis posterior
Origin : proximal posterior shafts of tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion : all five tarsal bones and bases of second through fourth metatarsals d

37
Q

Name the synergists of subtalar inversion

A

1) flexor digitorum longus
2) flexor hallucis longus
3) extensor hallucis longus

38
Q

Name the antagonists of inversion

A

1) fibularis longus

2) fibularis brevis

39
Q

Where are the tarsometatarsal joints located ?

A

Between the distal row of tarsal bones and metatarsals

40
Q

Which tarsal metatarsal joint is the more stable ?

A

The second tarsometatarsal joint

41
Q

What are the primary movements occurring in metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints ?

A

Flexion and extension

42
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics of metatarsophalangeal + interphalangeal flexion

A

The slide is unclear (p37)

43
Q

Just name the agonists of interphalangeal joint flexion

A

1) flexor digitorum longus

2) flexor hallucis longus

44
Q

Just name the synergists muscles of interphalangeal joint flexion

A

1) lombricals

2) flexor digiti minimi brevis

45
Q

Just name the antagonists of interphalangeal joint extension

A

1) extensor digitorum longus

2) extensor hallucis longus

46
Q

Name the arches of the foot

A
  • medial longitudinal arch
  • lateral longitudinal arch
  • anterior transverse arch
47
Q

Which bones coincides with the medial longitudinal arch of the foot ?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms
  • 3 medial metatarsals
48
Q

Which bones coincides with the lateral longitudinal arch ?

A
  • calcaneus
  • cuboid
  • 2 lateral metatarsals
49
Q

Which bones coincide with the anterior transverse arch of the foot ?

A
  • cuneiforms
  • cuboid
  • bases of the 5 metatarsals
50
Q

Which arch is the primary stabilizer and shock absorber ?

A

The medial longitudinal arch

51
Q

Which arch of the foot makes the more contact with the ground ?

A

The lateral longitudinal arch ?

52
Q

What is the role of the transverse arch of the foot ?

A

Absorb shocks and help in forward propulsion during gait

53
Q

Which structure helps support the arch of the foot ?

A

The plantar fascia

54
Q

Describe the Hallucis Valgus

A 
(Oignon) 
- fixed abduction of the first metatarsophalangeal joint 
- adduction of the first metatarsal 
Angles formed between first metatarsal and phalanxes : 
	- usual : 15°
	- mild : 15° to 20°
	- moderate : 20° to 40°
	- severe : above 40°

Human Movement (11 decks)

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