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Psychology - Biopsychology > Localisation of function > Flashcards

Localisation of function Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 sections is the brain divided into?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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3
Q

Where is the cerebrum?

A

forebrain

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4
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is split into two halves and four lobes

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5
Q

What are the two halves of the cerebrum known as?

A

hemispheres

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6
Q

How do the two hemispheres of the cerebrum communicate?

A

Through the corpus callosum

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7
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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8
Q

frontal lobe of cerebrum

A

thought and production of speech

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9
Q

occipital lobe of cerebrum

A

processing of images

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10
Q

temporal lobe of cerebrum

A

cognitive skills

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11
Q

parietal lobe of cerebrum

A

sensory information

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12
Q

Where is the diencephalon?

A

the forebrain just inside the cerebrum and above the brain stem

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13
Q

What is the diencephalon responsible for?

A

sensory function, food intake and sleep cycle

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14
Q

what are the three sections of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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15
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

in the hindbrain below and behind the cerebrum attached to the brain stem

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16
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

motor function, the body’s ability to balance and interpret information

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17
Q

Where is the brainstem?

A

midbrain and hindbrain

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18
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

Governs blood pressure, reflexes, fight and flight, breathing and heartbeat

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19
Q

How does the brainstem carry out its role?

A

Motor and sensory neurons travel through the brainstem allowing impulses to pass between the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

Localisation of function

A

The principle that specific functions have specific locations within the brain

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21
Q

What did Franz Gall propose?

A

phrenology

22
Q

Phrenology

A

a persons personality was reflected in bumps on the skill that reflected functions of the brain underneath the bump

23
Q

What was the opposing view to phrenology by Gall?

A

holism - the brain functions in a holistic manner with all parts of the brain involved in all behaviours

24
Q

Bronca 1865

A

concluded from case studies of brain damaged patients that speech production was localised to an area in the frontal lobe, Bronca’s area

25
What did studies from the 19th century on the brain in animals show?
- Small lesions could have highly specific effects on movement and perception - Brain is organised systematically with functions localised to specific areas
26
Where is the somatosensory cortex located?
parietal lobe
27
How does the somatosensory cortex work?
receives sensory input from receptors in the skin from all areas
28
Where is the motor cortex located?
At the back of the frontal lobe in both hemispheres
29
How is the motor cortex arranged?
logically next to each other
30
What do visual and auditory centres receive?
input from the eyes and ears
31
What can damage to the usual and auditory centres lead to?
blindness and deafness
32
Where is the primary visual centre located?
the occipital lobe in the brain
33
Where is sensation converted into perception?
Cortical areas, (secondary visual areas)
34
What can damage to the secondary visual areas lead to?
loss of specific aspects of visual perception such as prosopagnosia or achromatopsia
35
prosopagnosia
the loss of ability to recognise and identify faces
36
achromatopsia
loss of the ability to see in colour
37
Where is the auditory centre
the temporal lobes in the left and right hemispheres where the auditory cortex is
38
Where do the auditory pathways begin?
in the inner ear where sound waves are concerted to nerve impulses with travel via auditory nerve to the auditory cortex
39
Where is the language centre?
in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere (Broca's area) and is important for speech production
40
Who did Paul Broca study as an individual?
a patient called Tan who could understand spoken language but couldn't speak or put thoughts into writing
41
Who did Paul Broca study as a group?
8 patients with the same language problems with lesions in their left frontal hemisphere but people with areas damaged in the right didn't have the same issues
42
Karl Wernicke (1874)
discovered another area in the brain that was involved in understanding language (Wernicke's area) in the posterior portion of the left temporal lobe
43
What did Wernicke propose?
Language involves a separate motor and sensory regions located in different cortical regions
44
What are the strengths of localisation of function?
- Brain scan evidence, Peterson et al (1988) - Neurosurgical evidence, Dougherty et al (2002) - Case study evidence, Phineas Gage - Support from aphasia studies
45
What are the weaknesses of localisation of function?
- Seen as a reductionist method, Karl Lashley (1950) - Plasticity - Individual differences, Bavelier et al (1997), Harasty et al (1997)
46
Peterson et al (1988)
Used brain scans to show how Wernicke's area was active during a listening task and Bronca's during reading so language is localised to there areas - his increases the validity of brain localisation
47
Dougherty et al (2002)
Reported on 44 OCD patients who had brain surgery and this lesioned a certain area of the brain that was responsible for it and after 32 weeks 1/3 had recovered showing how certain disorders are localised to specific areas
48
Phineas Gage
after a traumatic accident on the railway tracks in 1848 he had brain damage with a pole which forces his temporal lobe out of his brain and his personality completely change showing personality may be localised to the temporal lobe
49
Karl Lashley (1950)
Higher cognitive functions like learning are not localised, he removed areas of the cortex in rats brain and found learning a maze was not localised
50
Plasticity
Notion of cortical remapping or plasticity, when the brain is damaged a particular function is lost, the brain reorganises itself and can compensate
51
Bavelier et al (1997)
large variability in individual patterns of activation across individuals, they observed activation in the right and left temporal lobes
52
Harasty et al (1997)
Gender differences in the size of the Broca and Wernicke's area with women having larger ones than men

Psychology - Biopsychology (9 decks)

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