Localisation in Neurology Flashcards
Features of UMNL:
No wasting No fasciculation Increased tone Increased reflexes Plantars: up-going
Features of LMNL:
Wasting Fasciculation Decreased tone Decreased reflexes Plantars: down-going
When can you have wasting in an UMNL?
When the condition is chronic and wasting occurs due to disuse
Brainstem lesion affecting CN III, IV and VI:
Diplopia
Brainstem lesion affecting CN V:
Loss of facial sensation
Brainstem lesion affecting CN VII:
Drooping
Brainstem lesion affecting CN VIII:
Deaf and dizzy
Brainstem lesion affecting CN IX, X and XII:
Dysarthria and dysphagia
Brain stem lesion affecting CN XI:
Decreased strength in neck and shoulders
Key feature of cerebellar lesion:
Incoordination
Cerebellar lesions - DANISH:
Dysdiadochokinesia; dysmetria Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred speech (dysarthria) Hypotonia (theoretical)
Which side are the signs of a cerebellar lesion?
Ipsilateral
What is ptosis?
Drooping of the upper eye lid
Muscle myopathy:
Proximal weakness (motor only)
NMJ:
Fatigable weakness (motor only)
Peripheral nerve neuropathy:
Pain
Motor, sensory and reflex loss in specific root distribution
OR
Distal symmetric sensory loss and/or weakness
Brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy:
Mixed nerve and root distribution
Spinal nerve root radiculopathy:
Radicular pain
Motor, sensory and reflex loss in specific root distribution
Anterior horn cell - LMN disease:
LMN weakness and reflex loss
Dorsal root ganglion - sensory neuronopathy:
Sensory loss and reflex loss
Spinal cord myelopathy:
LMN weakness at the level of the lesion
UMN below level of the lesion
Dissociated sensory loss
Neurogenic bladder
Brain stem:
CN deficits
Impaired level of consciousness
Crossed/bilateral motor/sensory deficits
Cerebellum:
Ataxia
Tremor
Nystagmus
Thalamus:
Loss of consciousness or memory disturbance
Hemisensory loss and/or pain
Hemiataxia
Neglect or aphasia
Basal ganglia:
Chorea (jerky shoulders, hips and face) Athetosis (involuntary writhing movements - cerebral palsy) Dystonia Tremor Rigidity
Cerebral cortex encephalopathy:
Hemiplegia (UMN) and/or hemisensory loss Aphasia Neglect Hemianopia Dementia Seizures
