LO6 Flashcards
Define pupil
Opening in middle of eye where light passes through
Define iris
visible coloured ring, adjusts the amount of light entering through the pupil
Define tear glands
produces tears to clean/lubricate eye
Defend against infection
Define aqueous/vitrous humerous
Jelly like fluid that fills eye keeping the eye’s shape
Define conjunctiva
Thin membrane which protects cornea
Define cornea
Front of eye which is transparent, light rays passes through cornea to retina
Define retina
Inner lining of eye, containing light sensitive cells
Define macula
High concentration of photoreceptor cells, detecting light and sending signals to the brain interpreting to images
Define optic nerve
Where nerve cells exit the eye going to the brain
Define ciliary muscle
Enables the lens to change shape for focusing. Contracting to stretch lens making it flatter/thinner
Define suspensory ligaments
Attached to lens to the ciliary muscle
Define lens
Focuses light entering the eye
Define eardrum
Thin layer of tissue that receives sound vibrations
Define Stapes/incus/malleus ear bones
Small bones that amplify the sound waves and transmit the vibrations across the middle of the ear to the cochlea
Define cochlea
Contains jelly like fluid in coiled tube, vibrations which are converted into neural messages then passed onto the brain
Define organ of corti
In cochlea, similar to a microphone lined with rows of hairs cells that convert sound vibration’s into nerve impulses
Define eustachian tube
Connects middle ear to throat, ensuring pressure in middle ear is equal to pressure outside the ear
Define round window
Drum like membrane, vibrations from oval window pass through to cochlea
Define auditory nerve
Bundle of nerves fibres that carry hearing information between cochlea and brain
Define semi-circular canals and ampullae
Tiny fluid filled tubes in inner ear help with balance. They are lined with cilia acting as motion sensor to keep your balance
Define glaucoma
Optic nerve connects the eye to the brain becomes damaged
Possible causes of glaucoma
Build up of pressure in the eye when fluid from the aqueous humour is unable to drain properly. Increasing pressure, damaging optic nerve
Increase risk:
Age
Ethnicity- African/Carribbean
Family history
Medical conditions- diabete
What are the symptoms of glaucoma
Intense eye pain
Blurred vision
Headaches
Sensitivity to light
What are the effects of glaucoma
Develops slowly, affecting the edge of vision.
Many people don’t realise they have glaucoma
If left untreated build up of pressure eventually destroys optic nerve causing blindness
How is gluacoma treated
Medicine- prescription eye drops
Laser treatment- to lower pressure in eye
Surgery- adds drain to eye to help eye drain excessive fluid
How does glaucoma impact daily life
Blurred vision- may affect driving walking
Extended time off work for surgery
Sensitivity to lights/headaches make someone feel isolated
Define Age-related macular-degeneration (AMD)
Eye disease which blurs your central vision, age causes damage to the macula
Causes of AMD
Exact cause unknown linked to:
smoking
high blood pressure
overweight
family history
age
Symptoms of AMD
Blurred vision
Straight lines appear wavy
Difficulty recognising faces
Effects of AMD
Without treatment vision continues to worsen/ affects central vision
Impacts of AMD on daily living
Blurred vision causes difficulty recognising faces, reading, driving
Affect job, time off, reasonable adjustments
Isolated/loss of confidence socialising going out in public
Treatments for AMD
Dry AMD- no treatment
Wet AMD- regular eye infections (to slow down vision loss)
Light treatment (photodynamic therapy) light shined into back of eye to stop growth of abnormal blood vessels
Define cataracts
The lens develops a cloudy patch causing blurred vision
Causes of cataracts
Age
Diabetes
Exposure to UV light
Excessive smoking/alcohol
Family history
Symptoms of cataracts
Cloudy lens causes:
Blurred/misty vision
Colours are distorted
Inconsistencies in vision quality
Double vision
Impacts of cataracts on everyday life
Vision affects daily activities, reading driving
Affects social life/hobbies
Time off for appointments/surgery
Loss of confidence
Treatments for cataracts
Surgery- remove/replace the affected lens
No medication can dissolve cataracts
Stronger prescription glasses- only help for period of time
Define retinopathy
Disease of the retina, blood vessels narrow/leak resulting in abnormal blood flow to the retina, damaging it
Symptoms of retinopathy
Gradual/sudden vision loss
Shapes floating in vision field
Eye pain redness
Difficulty seeing in the dark
Causes of retinopathy
Diabetes, high blood sugar
Effects of retinopathy on daily living
Difficulty driving
Affects work/sports/hobbies
Continue to manage diabetes/daily readings
Carry diabetic medications around everyday
Treatments of retinopathy
Laser treatment- to treat new blood vessels in the back of the eye, as it causes bleeding int he back of the eye
Eye injections- (Anti-VEGF) prevent the formation of new blood vessel help with conservation eyesight
Surgery- to remove scar tissue
Can cause blindness if left untreated
Name the 3 possible causes of hearing loss
Gradual hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Define gradual hearing loss
Prolonged period of degeneration of hearing due to ageing, exposure to loud noises over many years
Define conductive hearing loss
Hearing loss due to a blockage of earwax/infection causing a build up of fluid or perforated ear drum
Define sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing loss due to damage to the hair cells in the inner ear/damage to auditory nerve. Viral infections such as mumps, meningtitis are causes/ head injury
Treatment for hearing loss
Earwax extraction- ear drops dissolve wax
Hearing aid- to amplify sound
Implants- devices attached to skull and implants placed inside the ear
Sign language- new way of communicating
Impacts of hearing loss on daily living
Learning different ways of communicating BSL, braille
Regular appointments
Loss of independence
Affect ability to work, result in job loss
Feeling stresses/tired having to focus on hearing people
Emotional effects- depression/isolation struggle to socialise/hobbies
