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Health And Social > LO5 > Flashcards

LO5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define CNS

A

CNS control centre for body (brain/spinal cord).
Brain/spinal cord connected and nerves extending to every part of body

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2
Q

Define spinal cord

A

Spinal cord protected by vertebrae. These bones have hollow centre. Transmitting info to and from brain through nerves

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3
Q

Define autonomic system

A

Controls/regulates processes heart rate/gut movements. Actions are unconsciously controlled

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4
Q

Define sensory/motor neurones

A

Sensory nerves transmit info from senses to the brain

Motor nerves transmit info to muscles from the brain

Sensory/motor nerve pathways work together to produce movement

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5
Q

Define peripheral nervous systems

A

All nerves outside CNS make up peripheral nervous system. Relaying info from CNS to rest of the body.
These nerves include motor/sensory/autonomic nerves

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6
Q

Define nerves

A

Cells called neurones. Nerves are specialised cells carrying messages from one part of body to another via electrical impulses

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7
Q

Define cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of brain responsible for thinking, processing sensory info.
Four different lobes

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8
Q

Define cerebellum

A

Positioned back of skull.
Co-ordinates/regulates muscle activity (walking writing). Involved in muscle activity to maintain balance

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9
Q

Define frontal lobes

A

Carry out higher level mental processes such as thinking decision making

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10
Q

Define corpus callosum

A

Bridge of nerve tissue connecting two halves of the brain enabling communication between the two

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11
Q

Define hypothalamus

A

Responsible for maintenance of body temperature, regulating appetite, thirst

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12
Q

Define medulla

A

Automatically carries out life sustaining functions: breathing heart rate swallowing

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13
Q

Define meninges

A

Three layers of membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord providing a barrier from rest of body/infections

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14
Q

Define neuron

A

Specialised nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses

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15
Q

Define axon

A

Axon’s are long thread like nerve cell where impulses are conducted away from cell body to other cells

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16
Q

Define dendrons

A

Short branched structures on the neurone that receives electrical impulses carries towards cell body

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17
Q

Define myelin sheath

A

Fatty substance surrounding axon forming protective insulating layer. Enabling impulses to be transmitted quickly

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18
Q

How does info flow from one neurone to the next

A

Synaptic transmission

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19
Q

Name the 3 elements of synaptic transmission

A

Pre-synaptic transmission
Post-synaptic transmission
Synaptic cleft (gap between two neurones)

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20
Q

Explain synaptic transmission

A

Electrical impulse is released, travels along axon and reaches end of neurone

Triggers the release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse/transmitting signals

Then bind to the next neurone on the receptor molecules

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21
Q

Define function of pancreas

A

Gland situated near stomach producing insulin, used to control blood sugar levels

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22
Q

Define function of pituitary gland

A

Located base of brain.
Master gland regulating all other endocrine glands

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23
Q

Define function of adrenal gland

A

2 adrenal glands on top of each kidney
Produce adrenaline, released in bloodstream as a response to threat prepares body to fight by increasing heart/breathing rate

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24
Q

Define function of thyroid gland

A

Lower part of neck
Produces thyroxine which affects growth and sustains metabolism

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25
Q

Define ovaries/testes

A

Source of sex hormones
Testes- male characteristics/sexual development- sperm facial hair

Ovaries- produce oestrogen, eggs hormones control breast growth menstruation

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26
Q

Explain endocrine system

A

Made up of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions

27
Q

Define hormone

A

Chemical substance that regulates the activity of cells/organs. Carried in bloodstream

28
Q

Name the 8 components of the kidney

A

Cortex- outer layer
Medulla- inner region contains nephrons
Renal artery- supplies kidney with blood
Renal vein- carries filtered blood
Calyx- chambers through urine passes
Ureters- tubes that carry urine form kidney to bladder
Bladder- stores urine
Urethra- urine passes out the body

29
Q

Name 2 functions of the kidney

A

Removal of urea
Regulation of water levels

30
Q

What does a kidney nephron do

A

Filters your blood

31
Q

Explain how the kidneys work (removal of urea)

A

Blood enters renal artery
Enters nephrons splitting into smaller capillaries entering glomerulus (bundle of cap.)

Amino acids/ions/water/urea squeezed out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule through tiny pores. Large molecules stay, known as ultrafiltration

Molecules move along nephron anything needed by body is reabsorbed (selective reabsorption) in the Loop of Henle

Urea continues along nephron into collecting duct where urine is formed and transported out of kidney via ureters to bladder to urethra

32
Q

Explain how kidney’s work (regulation of water levels)

A

Same process of ultrafiltration occurs. But ions/water are selectively reabsorbed by the Loop of Henle. Water conc. controlled by hormone released by pituitary gland ADH.

If blood needs more water- ADH released increases permeability of tubules and more water reabsorbed into blood

If blood dilute- ADH stop released and less water reabsorbed producing more urine

Known as negative feedback cycle

33
Q

Explain osmoregulation

A

Active regulation of water balance/ homeostasis in the body

34
Q

Explain deamination

A

Process by which excess amino acids are converted into ammonia
When protein is eaten, excess of amino acids needs to be broken down, produces ammonia to maintain homeostasis

35
Q

Explain detoxification

A

Once deamination has occured ammonia needs to be immediately converted into urea as it is highly toxic

Urea transported in blood removed by kidneys in urine

36
Q

Explain production of bile

A

Bile produced result of the breakdown of red blood cells

Stored in gallbladder until needed for digestion/emulsification

37
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment, conditions controlled by nervous/endocrine system.

Vital functions- body temp, glucose levels, water content

38
Q

Explain a negative feedback loop

A

Constant cancelling/enhancement of functions to ensure optimum levels
Blood sugar increased
insulin released
convert to glycogen
bring down glucose levels

39
Q

Explain 2 types of stroke

A

Ischaemic stroke- blood clot blocks flow of blood/O2 to brain due to fatty deposits (plaques)

Haemorrhagic stroke- cerebral haemorrhages occur when a blood vessel burst/ruptures in brain

40
Q

Symptoms/effects of stroke

A

Droppiness to one side of face
Unable to lift both arms up
Speech slurred/ unable to
Dizziness confusion mobility issues
Headaches

41
Q

Causes of stroke

A

Haemorrhagic stroke- HBP weakens arteries in brain

Lifestyle factors- alcohol, smoking, high saturated diet

Age 65+
Family history

42
Q

Treatments for stroke

A

Blood clotting medication:
Altepase- dissolves blood clot
Aspirin- reduces chance of another clot forming
Warfarin- anticoagulant for long term prevention of blood clots

Surgery:
Thrombectomy- removes blood clots, restoring blood flow to the brain

Supportive treatment-
Feeding tube- stroke impacted ability to swallow
Mobility aid- mobility issue persisted
Physiotherapy- improve/restore function of mobility ect.

43
Q

Impacts of stroke

A

Death untreated
Loss of independence due to needing assistance
Emergency treatment- long time of work
Regular physiotherapy appointments
Adaptations in the home- stair lift
Move into assisted livng
May feel angry/frustrated

44
Q

Explain Multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks myelin sheath in brain/spinal cord (CNS). Causing myelin sheath to be inflamed disrupting messages travelling along nerves

45
Q

Symptoms/effects of MS

A

fatigue
difficulty walking
numbess/tingling
problems with balance/co-ordination
poor bladder control
problems with speech/thinking

46
Q

Causes of MS

A

Partially genetically, not direct, just increases your chances
Smoking increases your chances 2x
Viral infections may trigger immune response
Low vitamin D levels

47
Q

Treatments of MS

A

Disease progresses in periods of remission/relapse affects everyone differently

No cure only manage symptoms:
Steroid medication- to treat relapses

Disease modifying therapies- reduce the number of relapses/slowing progression of disease

MS specialist/physiotherapy/speech therapist to help best quality outcome/ appointments to manage symptoms

48
Q

Impacts of MS on daily life

A

Side effects of steroid medication
Regular appointments (physiotherapy/speech) to encourage improvement
Become housebound of mobility is lost
May need to move into assisted living
Feeling angry/frustration from condition

49
Q

Explain Type 1/2 diabetes

A

Type 1- Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks cells that produce insulin

Type 2- Body’s production of insulin is insufficient to control blood glucose levels. Meaning glucose stays in blood and not used for energy. Untreated cause organ damage

50
Q

Symptoms/effects of Type 1/2 diabetes

A

Feeling thirsty, urinating more
Unexplained weight loss
Cuts heal slowly

Long term complications:
Vision loss (retinopathy)
Kidney failure
Limb amputation

51
Q

Causes of Type 1/2 diabetes

A

Type 1:
Family history

Type 2:
Family history
Poor health/exercising/overweight
age

52
Q

Treatments of Type 1/2 diabetes

A

Monitor blood glucose levels frequently
Regular diabetic eye-screening retinopathy

Insulin manually injected multiple times a day
Healthy lifestyle eating/exercising
Fitted with insulin pump

Metformin lowers blood glucose levels decreasing amount of glucose produced by liver

53
Q

Impacts of Type 1/2 diabetes on daily living

A

Regular check ups- hospital, eye screening
Healthy eating/exercising
Social effects of diabetes
High maintenance of blood sugar levels
Injecting insulin
Monitoring food intake
Managing episodes of high/ low blood sugars

54
Q

Explain Nephrotic syndrome

A

Kidneys not functioning properly, as large amounts of protein leak into urine due to increased permeability of glomerulus.
Leading to low levels of protein in blood causing water to be drawn into soft tissues resulting in odema (swelling)

55
Q

Symptoms/effects of nephrotic syndrome

A

Swelling of body tissues
High volume of urine passed
Frequent infections due to lost protein antibodies
Blood clots- proteins prevent clots but lost in urine

56
Q

Causes of nephrotic syndrome

A

Usually diagnosed in young children 2-5 yr
Kidney damage from another condition-
Sickle cell anemia, HIV, Diabetes, Hepatitiis

Inherited faulty gene

57
Q

Treatments for nephrotic syndrome

A

Diuretic tablets- help reduce fluid build up in body
Vaccinations- prevent frequent infection
Steroids- prevent protein leaking into urine, long term use has severe side effects

Albumin infusions- protein infusion slowly added into blood via IV
Kidney transplant
Dialysis- removal of waste products by specialised machine

58
Q

Impacts of nephrotic syndrome on daily living

A

Waiting on transplant list
High maintenance of dialysis- regular appointments
Feeling tired/angry
Prolonged period off work/school dialysis
Affects social life (kids)
Inability to take part in hobbies/sports

59
Q

Explain liver disease/cirrhosis 3 types

A

Alcohol related liver disease- scarring of liver through high alcohol consumption leading to failure

Haemochromatosis- faulty gene absorption of excessive iron from food causing build up/disease of liver. Deposits in pancreas, heart endocrine system

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease- build up of fats in liver cells causes inflammation/scar tissue forming on liver/blood vessels. Cirrhosis and liver failure

60
Q

Symptoms/effects of Liver disease cirrhosis

A

Nausea/vomitting blood
Weight loss
Jaundice
Swelling of extremities
Insommia

61
Q

Causes of liver disease cirrhosis

A

Alcohol missuse
Long term infection (Hepatitis C)
Obesity fattly liver disease
Faulty genes

62
Q

Treatments for liver disease cirrhosis

A

No cure manage symptoms
Lifestyle changes: healthy lifestyle (fatty liver)
Alcohol missue support- to lower damage to liver cells
Liver transplant- damage to extensive/liver failure transplant needed

63
Q

Impacts of liver disease cirrhosis on daily living

A

Waiting for transplant
Extensive surgery recovery time
Dealing with major lifestyle change alcohol addiction. healthy eating
Isolation due to feeling ill jaundice vomiting blood
Increased care needs, support

Health And Social (6 decks)

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