LO5 Flashcards
Define CNS
CNS control centre for body (brain/spinal cord).
Brain/spinal cord connected and nerves extending to every part of body
Define spinal cord
Spinal cord protected by vertebrae. These bones have hollow centre. Transmitting info to and from brain through nerves
Define autonomic system
Controls/regulates processes heart rate/gut movements. Actions are unconsciously controlled
Define sensory/motor neurones
Sensory nerves transmit info from senses to the brain
Motor nerves transmit info to muscles from the brain
Sensory/motor nerve pathways work together to produce movement
Define peripheral nervous systems
All nerves outside CNS make up peripheral nervous system. Relaying info from CNS to rest of the body.
These nerves include motor/sensory/autonomic nerves
Define nerves
Cells called neurones. Nerves are specialised cells carrying messages from one part of body to another via electrical impulses
Define cerebral cortex
Outer layer of brain responsible for thinking, processing sensory info.
Four different lobes
Define cerebellum
Positioned back of skull.
Co-ordinates/regulates muscle activity (walking writing). Involved in muscle activity to maintain balance
Define frontal lobes
Carry out higher level mental processes such as thinking decision making
Define corpus callosum
Bridge of nerve tissue connecting two halves of the brain enabling communication between the two
Define hypothalamus
Responsible for maintenance of body temperature, regulating appetite, thirst
Define medulla
Automatically carries out life sustaining functions: breathing heart rate swallowing
Define meninges
Three layers of membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord providing a barrier from rest of body/infections
Define neuron
Specialised nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses
Define axon
Axon’s are long thread like nerve cell where impulses are conducted away from cell body to other cells
Define dendrons
Short branched structures on the neurone that receives electrical impulses carries towards cell body
Define myelin sheath
Fatty substance surrounding axon forming protective insulating layer. Enabling impulses to be transmitted quickly
How does info flow from one neurone to the next
Synaptic transmission
Name the 3 elements of synaptic transmission
Pre-synaptic transmission
Post-synaptic transmission
Synaptic cleft (gap between two neurones)
Explain synaptic transmission
Electrical impulse is released, travels along axon and reaches end of neurone
Triggers the release of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse/transmitting signals
Then bind to the next neurone on the receptor molecules
Define function of pancreas
Gland situated near stomach producing insulin, used to control blood sugar levels
Define function of pituitary gland
Located base of brain.
Master gland regulating all other endocrine glands
Define function of adrenal gland
2 adrenal glands on top of each kidney
Produce adrenaline, released in bloodstream as a response to threat prepares body to fight by increasing heart/breathing rate
Define function of thyroid gland
Lower part of neck
Produces thyroxine which affects growth and sustains metabolism
Define ovaries/testes
Source of sex hormones
Testes- male characteristics/sexual development- sperm facial hair
Ovaries- produce oestrogen, eggs hormones control breast growth menstruation
Explain endocrine system
Made up of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions
Define hormone
Chemical substance that regulates the activity of cells/organs. Carried in bloodstream
Name the 8 components of the kidney
Cortex- outer layer
Medulla- inner region contains nephrons
Renal artery- supplies kidney with blood
Renal vein- carries filtered blood
Calyx- chambers through urine passes
Ureters- tubes that carry urine form kidney to bladder
Bladder- stores urine
Urethra- urine passes out the body
Name 2 functions of the kidney
Removal of urea
Regulation of water levels
What does a kidney nephron do
Filters your blood
Explain how the kidneys work (removal of urea)
Blood enters renal artery
Enters nephrons splitting into smaller capillaries entering glomerulus (bundle of cap.)
Amino acids/ions/water/urea squeezed out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule through tiny pores. Large molecules stay, known as ultrafiltration
Molecules move along nephron anything needed by body is reabsorbed (selective reabsorption) in the Loop of Henle
Urea continues along nephron into collecting duct where urine is formed and transported out of kidney via ureters to bladder to urethra
Explain how kidney’s work (regulation of water levels)
Same process of ultrafiltration occurs. But ions/water are selectively reabsorbed by the Loop of Henle. Water conc. controlled by hormone released by pituitary gland ADH.
If blood needs more water- ADH released increases permeability of tubules and more water reabsorbed into blood
If blood dilute- ADH stop released and less water reabsorbed producing more urine
Known as negative feedback cycle
Explain osmoregulation
Active regulation of water balance/ homeostasis in the body
Explain deamination
Process by which excess amino acids are converted into ammonia
When protein is eaten, excess of amino acids needs to be broken down, produces ammonia to maintain homeostasis
Explain detoxification
Once deamination has occured ammonia needs to be immediately converted into urea as it is highly toxic
Urea transported in blood removed by kidneys in urine
Explain production of bile
Bile produced result of the breakdown of red blood cells
Stored in gallbladder until needed for digestion/emulsification
Define homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant internal environment, conditions controlled by nervous/endocrine system.
Vital functions- body temp, glucose levels, water content
Explain a negative feedback loop
Constant cancelling/enhancement of functions to ensure optimum levels
Blood sugar increased
insulin released
convert to glycogen
bring down glucose levels
Explain 2 types of stroke
Ischaemic stroke- blood clot blocks flow of blood/O2 to brain due to fatty deposits (plaques)
Haemorrhagic stroke- cerebral haemorrhages occur when a blood vessel burst/ruptures in brain
Symptoms/effects of stroke
Droppiness to one side of face
Unable to lift both arms up
Speech slurred/ unable to
Dizziness confusion mobility issues
Headaches
Causes of stroke
Haemorrhagic stroke- HBP weakens arteries in brain
Lifestyle factors- alcohol, smoking, high saturated diet
Age 65+
Family history
Treatments for stroke
Blood clotting medication:
Altepase- dissolves blood clot
Aspirin- reduces chance of another clot forming
Warfarin- anticoagulant for long term prevention of blood clots
Surgery:
Thrombectomy- removes blood clots, restoring blood flow to the brain
Supportive treatment-
Feeding tube- stroke impacted ability to swallow
Mobility aid- mobility issue persisted
Physiotherapy- improve/restore function of mobility ect.
Impacts of stroke
Death untreated
Loss of independence due to needing assistance
Emergency treatment- long time of work
Regular physiotherapy appointments
Adaptations in the home- stair lift
Move into assisted livng
May feel angry/frustrated
Explain Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks myelin sheath in brain/spinal cord (CNS). Causing myelin sheath to be inflamed disrupting messages travelling along nerves
Symptoms/effects of MS
fatigue
difficulty walking
numbess/tingling
problems with balance/co-ordination
poor bladder control
problems with speech/thinking
Causes of MS
Partially genetically, not direct, just increases your chances
Smoking increases your chances 2x
Viral infections may trigger immune response
Low vitamin D levels
Treatments of MS
Disease progresses in periods of remission/relapse affects everyone differently
No cure only manage symptoms:
Steroid medication- to treat relapses
Disease modifying therapies- reduce the number of relapses/slowing progression of disease
MS specialist/physiotherapy/speech therapist to help best quality outcome/ appointments to manage symptoms
Impacts of MS on daily life
Side effects of steroid medication
Regular appointments (physiotherapy/speech) to encourage improvement
Become housebound of mobility is lost
May need to move into assisted living
Feeling angry/frustration from condition
Explain Type 1/2 diabetes
Type 1- Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks cells that produce insulin
Type 2- Body’s production of insulin is insufficient to control blood glucose levels. Meaning glucose stays in blood and not used for energy. Untreated cause organ damage
Symptoms/effects of Type 1/2 diabetes
Feeling thirsty, urinating more
Unexplained weight loss
Cuts heal slowly
Long term complications:
Vision loss (retinopathy)
Kidney failure
Limb amputation
Causes of Type 1/2 diabetes
Type 1:
Family history
Type 2:
Family history
Poor health/exercising/overweight
age
Treatments of Type 1/2 diabetes
Monitor blood glucose levels frequently
Regular diabetic eye-screening retinopathy
Insulin manually injected multiple times a day
Healthy lifestyle eating/exercising
Fitted with insulin pump
Metformin lowers blood glucose levels decreasing amount of glucose produced by liver
Impacts of Type 1/2 diabetes on daily living
Regular check ups- hospital, eye screening
Healthy eating/exercising
Social effects of diabetes
High maintenance of blood sugar levels
Injecting insulin
Monitoring food intake
Managing episodes of high/ low blood sugars
Explain Nephrotic syndrome
Kidneys not functioning properly, as large amounts of protein leak into urine due to increased permeability of glomerulus.
Leading to low levels of protein in blood causing water to be drawn into soft tissues resulting in odema (swelling)
Symptoms/effects of nephrotic syndrome
Swelling of body tissues
High volume of urine passed
Frequent infections due to lost protein antibodies
Blood clots- proteins prevent clots but lost in urine
Causes of nephrotic syndrome
Usually diagnosed in young children 2-5 yr
Kidney damage from another condition-
Sickle cell anemia, HIV, Diabetes, Hepatitiis
Inherited faulty gene
Treatments for nephrotic syndrome
Diuretic tablets- help reduce fluid build up in body
Vaccinations- prevent frequent infection
Steroids- prevent protein leaking into urine, long term use has severe side effects
Albumin infusions- protein infusion slowly added into blood via IV
Kidney transplant
Dialysis- removal of waste products by specialised machine
Impacts of nephrotic syndrome on daily living
Waiting on transplant list
High maintenance of dialysis- regular appointments
Feeling tired/angry
Prolonged period off work/school dialysis
Affects social life (kids)
Inability to take part in hobbies/sports
Explain liver disease/cirrhosis 3 types
Alcohol related liver disease- scarring of liver through high alcohol consumption leading to failure
Haemochromatosis- faulty gene absorption of excessive iron from food causing build up/disease of liver. Deposits in pancreas, heart endocrine system
Non alcoholic fatty liver disease- build up of fats in liver cells causes inflammation/scar tissue forming on liver/blood vessels. Cirrhosis and liver failure
Symptoms/effects of Liver disease cirrhosis
Nausea/vomitting blood
Weight loss
Jaundice
Swelling of extremities
Insommia
Causes of liver disease cirrhosis
Alcohol missuse
Long term infection (Hepatitis C)
Obesity fattly liver disease
Faulty genes
Treatments for liver disease cirrhosis
No cure manage symptoms
Lifestyle changes: healthy lifestyle (fatty liver)
Alcohol missue support- to lower damage to liver cells
Liver transplant- damage to extensive/liver failure transplant needed
Impacts of liver disease cirrhosis on daily living
Waiting for transplant
Extensive surgery recovery time
Dealing with major lifestyle change alcohol addiction. healthy eating
Isolation due to feeling ill jaundice vomiting blood
Increased care needs, support
