LO1 Flashcards
Define erythrocytes
Erythrocytes are red blood cells which transport O2/CO2 within body.
-Shaped like a disc to maximise amount of haemoglobin carried (bi-concave)
-Made in bone marrow
-Small/flexible to get into narrow vessels
Define leucocytes
White blood cells/body’s immune system
that defend against infections. Detect abnormal material.
Three different types of white blood cells
Define lymphocytes
Two types of lymphocytes:
-B-cells produce antibodies to destroy antigens bacteria/viruses
-T-cells destroy body cells which have been infected by antigen/virus
Made in bone marrow
Define neutrophils
First cell to travel to infection site and protects body against bacterial infection
Define monocyte
Largest type of white blood cells, released into blood and tissues. Quickly rush to site to attack
Define platelets
Fragments of larger cells which help to form blood clots by clumping together, to slow/stop bleeding help wounds heal
Made in the bone marrow
Define plasma
Largest component of blood, makes up 55% of blood. Clear-yellowish liquid carrying platelets red/white blood cells.
Also providing transport for glucose, hormones,CO2/O2
What are the 5 functions of blood
Transport
Temperature regulation
Exchange of materials
Preventing infection
Blood clotting
How does blood transport substances
Transported through network of blood vessels (channels made of connective tissue) extended throughout body. Blood carries substances to be delivered/removed
How does blood control temperature regulation
Vasodilation/constriction blood vessels constrict/dilate to release/conserve heat. Temperature is also regulated by removing heat from tissues and circulating around body
How does blood prevent infection
White blood cells (leukocytes) the WBC detect pathogen destroying/attacking pathogen also destroying the body cells which have been infected
How does blood clot
Blood clotting to stop the bleeding by forming a clot around the wound. By platelets accumulating around wound (platelet plug)
How does the blood exchange materials
Capillaries allow the exchange of substances through their thin walls. As blood travels at high pressure in arteries towards the capillaries. Pressure filtration occurs through the capillary wall into tissues/fluid (O2/CO2/Urea/Glucose)
Define the Superior/Inferior vena cava
Large vein carrying blood from body to the heart
Define left/right atrium
Chamber of the heart where blood enters the heart
Define pulmonary veins
Takes blood from the lungs back into the heart LA
Name the 4 valves
Tricuspid valve- separates RA/RV
Pulmonary valve- separates pulmonary artey/RV
Aortic valve- separates LV/aorta
Mitral valve- separates LA/LV
Define myocardium
Muscular wall of heart which contracts to pump blood
Define pulmonary artery
Carries blood from the RV to the lungs for oxygenation
Define left/right ventricles
Chamber which pumps blood out of the heart into the circulatory system
Which side of the heart is deoxygenated
Right- deoxygenated
Left- oxygenated
Describe the route of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated
Arrives from body vena cava, RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery
Lungs
Oxygenated
Arrives from lungs pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve, aorta
Body
Detailed description of how blood flows through the heart
Blood from lungs (oxygen) returns to the heart via pulmonary vein enters left atrium
Blood passes through mitral (bicuspid) valve into LV
Blood forced out of the aorta carrying oxygenated blood to rest of body
Deoxygenated blood returns from body via superior/inferior vena cava
Blood squeezed through tricuspid valve into RV
Blood forced through pulmonary artery which carries deoxygen blood to the lungs
Define double circulatory system
Circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two separate circuits, one for oxygenated blood and one for deoxygenated blood
Name the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Complete cardiac diastole
Define systole/diastole
Systole- heart contracting
Diastole- heart relaxing
Define atrial systole
contraction of the R/L atria
Define ventricular systole
Contraction of the ventricles
Define complete cardiac diastole
Relaxation of the atria/ventricles
Name the 3 sections in the heart’s electrical conduction system
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Purkinje fibres
Define sinoatrial node
Sinoatrial node (SA) located in the upper wall of right atrium
Known as pacemaker responsible for setting the rhythm of heart, ensuring atria contract simultaneously
Define atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular node (AV) located in bottom of the right atrium
Responsible for delaying electrical impulses it receives from SA node
The delay allows time for blood to empty out of the atria into the ventricles
Define purkinje fibres
Fine specialised cardiac muscle fibres that rapidly transmit impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. The impulse in ventricle walls causes contraction
Define ECG
Electrocardiogram- shows a recording of the heart’s electrical activity
Name the 5 waves on an ECG
P- atrial contraction
Q,R,S- shows ventricular contraction (systole)
T- shows ventricles relaxing (diastole)
What is the sequence on how blood moves around the body
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, heart
Define artery
Carry blood away from heart, walls consist of thick layers, elastic fibres and muscle as it is carried under pressure
Define veins
Carrying blood back to the heart, having large internal diameters but thin walls. Blood flowing is not under pressure so veins have valves
Name the differences between an artery and vein
Artery- blood delivered under pressure
Walls are thick
Smaller diameter
Carries oxygenated blood
Veins- large internal diameters
isn’t carried under pressure
has valves to prevent backflow
Carries deoxygenated blood
Define capillaries
Smallest blood vessel made of single layer cell, to allow for exchange of H2O,CO2,O2 to surrounding tissues
Define lymph
Lymph is a fluid that flows through (lymphatic system) vessels of increasing size before returning to the blood.
Name what the lymphatic system consists of x5
Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymph organs (spleen/thymus)
Bone marrow
Name the roles of the lymphatic system x4
Acts as a drainage/filtration system
Removing excess fluid from body tissues
Absorbing fatty acids/transports fat into the bloodstream to be absorbed into small intestine
Produces white blood cells, turn into antibodies
Explain role of lymphatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure=pressure from heart contractions.
Forcing water/dissolved substances in blood plasma out through capillary walls into surrounding tissues, forming tissue fluid.
Name 3 components included in lymphatic system
Blood plasma, tissue fluid, lymph
Name 3 blood proteins
Albumin- Carrier blood protein for steroids, fatty acids, hormones
Globulin- main function to support immune system
Fibrinogen- support blood coagulation (clotting)
Define Coronary heart disease
Blood vessels supplying blood to the heart narrowed/blocked. Can result in heart attack
Causes of Coronary heart disease
Caused by the build up of fatty deposits on walls of arteries/around the heart
Develop due to:
Lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise, obesity, high cholesterol levels, HBP, diabetes)
Symptoms of Coronary heart disease
Angina- breathlessness, nausea, dizziness, chest pain
Heart attack- feeling weak, sweating, shortness of breath, pain which expands across body
Diagnosis of Coronary heart disease
ECG- check electrical activity/low blood flow to heart
MRI- detect tissue damage/size of blood flow to/around the heart
Treatments for Coronary heart disease
(non surgical)
Regular blood tests- check levels of fats/cholesterol in blood
ECG- measures electrical activity (monitoring)
Medication- Nitrates relax coronary arteries increasing blood flow to heart
Statins to decrease cholesterol
Anticoagulant to decrease likelihood of clots
Treatments for Coronary heart disease (surgical)
Angioplasty- deflated balloon inserted into narrowed artery and inflate, putting stent in place to open up narrowed artery
Coronary artery bypass surgery- Creating a new route for blood to travel bypassing blocked artery, improve blood flow
Impacts on lifestyle Coronary heart disease
Prolonged time off work due to appointments/surgery recovery
Can’t participate in heavy activity (shortness of breath) Stairs
Lifestyle changes (diet, smoking)
Scared to be alone due to fear of heart attack
Define hypertension HBP
When pressure in your blood vessels is unusually high
Ideal BP: 90/60 - 120/80
High BP: 140/90 +
Causes of hypertension
Factors increase likelihood:
age
family history
stress
salt intake
lack of exercise
overweight
smoking/alcohol
Some conditions can cause HBP:
kidney disease, diabetes, hormone imbalance
Symptoms of hypertension
No visible symptoms only present on BP monitor
Treatments for hypertension
Regular monitoring using BPM/cuff
Healthier lifestyle (diet, exercise, reduce stress, improve sleep)
Medication- recommend medication daily
ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure help relax arteries, no restricted blood flow
Beta blockers causes heart to beat slower and less force lowering BP
If left untreated increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke
Impacts on lifestyle for hypertension
Major change to lifestyle- hard to break patterns
Regular monitor/appointments
Daily medication
Lower mood/fatigue
Increased risk of developing coronary heart disease
Define angina
Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart (currently not a heart attack)
Define heart attack
Artery carrying blood to the heart is blocked, restricting blood/O2 flow causing heart muscle to die
What is the difference between angina and a heart attack
Angina is the pain caused by a reduced blood flow to the heart while heart attack blood flow is blocked.
Although heart attack produces angina like symptoms still different as heart muscle dies during a heart attack
Treatments for angina
Nitrates medication diluting blood vessels of the heart to increase blood flow to heart
Aspirin- other anti-platelet medicines prevent clotting
Beta blockers- make heart beat slower/less forceful to lower blood pressure
Nitroglycerin- relief angina pain symptoms
Treatments for a heart attack
Anti-platelet medicines- (aspirin) prevent clotting
Thrombolytics- dissolve blood clots
Nitroglycerin- relieve angina symptoms
Beta blockers- heart beat slower/less forceful
