LO4 Flashcards
Name two types of bones
Vertical
Transverse
Name the 4 parts to the vertical bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Bone marrow
Cartilage
Define spongy bone
Provides balance to compact bone, making the bone lighter so muscles can move more easily
Define compact bone
Hard dense outer layer of bone, its function to primarily provide strength and protection to bones
Define bone marrow
Spongy substance found in centre of bones. (Essential part of body) Contains stem cells that produce blood cells making up the immune system
Define cartilage
Strong flexible connective tissue that protects joints/bones.
Shock absorber/ found at end of bones to reduce friction/prevent rubbing together
Name the 6 parts to the transverse bone
Osteon
Haversian canal
Osteocyte
Canaliculi
Lacunae
Lamellae
Define Haversian canal
Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
Define osteocyte
Bone cells
Define osteon
Overall term for system that is made up of all sections
Define canaliculi
Tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes
Define lacunae
Spaces within hard bone that contain living osteocytes
Define lamellae
Layers of hard bone
Name the 5 types of joints
Ball and socket (hip/shoulder)
Hinge joint (elbow/knee)
Pivot joint (neck)
Sliding joint (wrist/ankle)
Fixed joint (skull)
Define synovial joint
A freely movable joint with a wide range of movement
What do ligaments attach
Ligaments attach bone to bone
(connective tissue)
What do tendon attach
Tendons attach muscle to bone
Define cartilage
Found at the end of bones to reduce friction and acts as a shock absorber
Define ligament
Connective tissue to ensure bones/joints to move/dislocate to far
Define tendons
Connective tissue allowing the transmission of muscle strength to bones and joints
Explain how muscles work in pairs
Muscle work in pairs called antagonistic pairs
The muscle working contracts creating movement (agonist)
Other muscle relaxes letting movement take place (antagonist)
Define osteoporosis
Condition where person has low bone density/protein matrix resulting in brittle bones.
Symptoms of osteoporosis
No obvious symptoms besides frequent fractures
Causes of osteoporosis
Age (natural but extreme leads to osteoporosis)
Family history
Eating disorders
Other conditions increase vulnerability (COPD rheumatoid)
Women hormones, menopause
Lack of exercise/diet
Treatments for osteoporosis
Taking calcium supplement
Physiotherapy
HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
prescribed for post menopausal women (oestrogen)
Regular exercise
Impacts on lifestyle osteoporosis
Extra caution to avoid fractures
Loss of confidence
Coping with pain
Limits hobbies (gym/gardening)
Dietary changes
Define osteoarthritis
Explained as general wear and tear of joints. Due to the cartilage becoming stiff/worn down, also deteriorates ligaments and tendons causing bones to rub against each other.
Symptoms of osteoarthritis
Joints frequently stiff/sore especially in morning/evenings
Tenderness
Limited mobility
Cracking/grating sensation
Causes of osteoarthritis
Ageing process (normal part of ageing but severe cases lead to osteo)
Overweight/obese due to excess strain on weight bearing joints
Develop in joints with injury/operation lead to osteo later in life
Treatments osteoarthritis
Steroids reduces inflammation
Painkillers
Physiotherapy to strengthen/maintain muscles
Surgery (arthroplasty) knee replacement
weight reduction
Impacts on lifestyle osteoarthritis
Attending regular appointments
Surgery- recovery time
Limited mobility impacts hobbies and social activities
Isolation
Define rhuematoid arthritis
Auto-immune condition where body attacks cells that line joints causing synovial membrane lining joints to become inflammed/sore. Inflammation gradually destroys cartilage
Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis
Medications/steroids reduce inflammation
DMARD (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) immunosuppresants
Corticosteroids injections to reduce swelling
Physiotherapy- strengthen muscles maintain mobility
Causes of rheumatoid arthritis
Exact cause unknown
Virus/infection can trigger condition
Risk increases in menopausal women due to hormone fluctuations (oestrogen)
Inherited
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Change person and over time
Throbbing pain/aching/stiffness
Joints swell tender to touch
Rheumatoid nodules- firm swellings under skin
Impacts on daily life rheumatoid arthritis
Pain disrupts normal living (work, social, shopping)
Medication side effects (DMARD’s)
Coping with pain- tiredness
Struggle to maintain hobbies/social
arthritis can make preparing meals/ driving difficult
Home adaptions needed- seat in shower
How do muscle work in pairs
Work in antagonistic pairs
Muscle contracting/movement called the agonist
While muscle relaxing/letting movement take place called the antagonist
Explain how the forearm is raised/lowered (9 steps)
Bicep muscle contracts
Pulls on tendons attached to radius
Raises forearm
Meanwhile triceps relax and extend
Biceps/triceps act as antagonistic pair
Tricep contracts
Bicep relaxes
Tricep pulls on tendon attached to ulna
Forearm lowered
