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Unit 4 HSC > LO6 > Flashcards

LO6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pupil?

A

the opening in the middle of the eye which light passes through

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2
Q

what is the iris?

A

a visible coloured ring at the front of the eye.

it adjusts to the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil.

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3
Q

what are the tear glands?

A

known as the lacrimal glands.

produce tears to clean and lubricate the eye.

tears contain salt which is a natural antiseptic. Therefore it has the ability to defend against infection.

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4
Q

what are the aqueous and viterous humours?

A

a watery, jelly like fluid that fills the eye.

helps to keep the eye in shape and nourishing.

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5
Q

what is the conjunctiva?

A

thin membrane which protects the cornea.

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6
Q

what is the cornea?

A

the transparent front of the eye.

light t-rays pass through it to the retina.

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7
Q

what is the retina?

A

the inner lining of the eye.

it contains light sensitive cells that are called rods and cones.

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8
Q

what is the macula?

A

contains a high concentration of photoreceptor cells.

these detect light and send signals to the brain. This then interprets them as images.

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9
Q

what is the optic nerve?

A

where the nerve cells exit the eye.

there are no rods or cones so it is known as the blind spot.

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10
Q

what is the ciliary muscle?

A

enables the lens to change shape for focusing.

contracts to stretch the lens, making it flatter and thinner.

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11
Q

what are the suspensory ligaments?

A

attach to the ciliary muscle.

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12
Q

what is the lens?

A

focuses light entering the eye.

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13
Q

definition of glaucoma

A

a common eye condition where the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged.

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14
Q

symptoms of glaucoma

A
  • intense eye pain
  • nausea and vomiting
  • red eyes
  • headaches
  • tenderness around the eyes
  • seeing rings around lights
  • blurred vision
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15
Q

causes of glaucoma

A

the fluid builds up and puts pressure on the optic nerve, damaging it and effecting the electrical impulse transmission to the brain. Results in blindness

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16
Q

monitoring of glaucoma

A
  • regular appointments to monitor the condition and check that the eye drop treatment is working
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17
Q

treatment of glaucoma

A
  • daily eye drops administered by the individual themselves. This is the most common form of treatment
  • laser treatment to open up blocked drainage tubes or reduce the fluid production in the eye
  • surgery to improve the drainage of fluid
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18
Q

care needs of glaucoma

A
  • regular check ups
  • recovery from surgery
  • healthy eating/dietary changes
    -taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
  • home adaptations
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19
Q

lifestyle impacts of glaucoma

A
  • loss of independence
  • problems with reading and driving
  • may need to change jobs
  • feeling tired or stressed
  • may lead to loss of employment
    -emotional and social effects - depression, not going out or taking part in hobbies or sports
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20
Q

definition of age-related macula degeneration (AMD)

A

an eye disease that can blur your central vision. it happens when aging causes damage to the macula. The part of the eye that controls sharp, straight ahead vision.

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21
Q

symptoms of AMD

A
  • gradual vision loss
  • seeing straight lines as wavy or crooked
  • objects looking smaller than normal
  • colours seeming less bright than they used to
  • seeing things that aren’t there (hallucinations)
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22
Q

causes of AMD

A
  • actual cause unknown
  • linked to high blood pressure, being overweight and having a family history of the condition
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23
Q

monitoring AMD

A

regular scans

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24
Q

treatment for AMD

A
  • no treatment to cure the condition
  • stopping smoking may slow progression
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25
Q

care needs for AMD

A

regular check ups
recovery from surgery
healthy eating/dietary changes
taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
home adaptations

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26
Q

lifestyle impacts of AMD

A

loss of independence
problems with reading and driving
may have to change jobs
feeling tired or stressed
may lead to a loss of employment
emotional and social effects - depression, not going out socially or taking part in hobbies or sports.

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27
Q

definition of cataracts

A

a cloudy area in the lens of the eye. (the clear part of the eye that helps to focus light)

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28
Q

symptoms of cataracts

A

cloudy or blurry vision.
colours look faded.
can’t see well at night.
lamps, sunlight or headlights seem too bright.
you can see a halo around lights.
double vision.

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29
Q

causes of cataracts

A

diabetes
exposure to UV light
taking certain medications such as statins for a long time
smoking
drinking too much alcohol
family history

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30
Q

monitoring of cataracts

A

regular eye examinations to check the development

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31
Q

treatment for cataracts

A

stronger glasses and brighter reading lights may help for a while.
surgery will eventually be needed to remove the lens and replace it

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32
Q

care needs for cataracts

A

regular check ups
recovery from surgery
healthy eating/dietary changes
taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
home adaptations

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33
Q

lifestyle impacts of cataracts

A

loss of independence
problems with reading and driving
may have to change jobs
feeling tired or stressed
may lead to a loss of employment
emotional and social effects - depression, not going out socially or taking part in hobbies or sports.

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34
Q

definition of retinopathy

A

a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the retina.

35
Q

symptoms of retinopathy

A

gradually worsening vision
sudden vision loss
shapes floating in your field of vision
blurred or patchy vision
eye pain or redness

36
Q

causes of retinopathy

A

high blood sugar due to diabetes can cause blood vessels to narrow and leak, resulting in abnormal blood flow to the retina. This damages cells in the retina.

37
Q

monitoring of retinopathy

A

monitor and control blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels

attend diabetic eye screening appointments

38
Q

treatment of retinopathy

A

injections of medication into the eyes
laser treatment
an operation to remove scar tissue from the eyes

39
Q

care needs of retinopathy

A

regular check ups
recovery from surgery
healthy eating/dietary changes
taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
home adaptations

40
Q

lifestyle impacts of retinopathy

A

loss of independence
problems with reading and driving
may have to change jobs
feeling tired or stressed
may lead to a loss of employment
emotional and social effects - depression, not going out socially or taking part in hobbies or sports.

41
Q

what is the eardrum?

A

Tympanic membrane

A thin layer of tissue that receives sounds vibrations and transmits them to the middle ear cavity

42
Q

What are the stapes/incus/malleus ear bones?

A

Also knowns as stirrup/anvil and hammer

Small bones that amplify the sound waves and transmit the vibrations across the middle ear to the cochlea

43
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Contains a jelly like fluid in a coiled tube that resembles a snails shell.

Vibrations pass through the fluid and are converted to neural messages and passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve

44
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Located in the cochlea

Sometimes called the body’s microphone and is lined with rows of hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses

45
Q

What is the Eustachian tube?

A

Connects the middle ear to the throat

It ensures that the pressure in the Middle Ear is equal to the pressure outside the ear.

46
Q

What is the round window?

A

A drum like membrane

Vibrations from the oval window pass through it to the cochlea

47
Q

What is the auditory nerve?

A

A bundle of nerve fibres that carry hearing information between the cochlea and the brain

48
Q

What are the semi-circular canals and ampullae?

A

Tiny fluid filled tubes in the inner ear that help with balance.

They have nothing to do with hearing.

They are lined with cilia and as the movements of the cilia are communicated to the brain they work as a kind of motion sensor to help you keep your balance

49
Q

how does the ear work?

A

the cochlea and the semi-circular canals are part of your inner ear. They are crucial for balance and hearing.
Sound enters the outer ear as pressure waves in the air.
Waves make the ear drum vibrate.
Vibrations create movement of the 3 small bones (semi-circular bones).
one bone called the styrup is the smallest bone in the body.
the bones transmit the vibrations to the oval window.
The cochlea is a liquid filled cavity which contains tiny hairs.
The hairs move and pass information to the brain along the auditory nerves, so sound can be heard.

50
Q

what can cause sudden hearing loss in one ear?

A

earwax
an ear infection
a perforated eardrum
menieres disease

51
Q

what can cause sudden hearing loss in both ears?

A

may be due to damage from a very loud noise or taking certain medications that can affect hearing.

52
Q

what can cause gradual hearing loss in one ear?

A

may be something inside the ear such as fluid (glue ear)
a bony growth (otosclerosis)
a build up of skin cells (cholesteatoma)

53
Q

what can cause gradual hearing loss in both ears?

A

usually caused by ageing or exposure to loud noises over many years

54
Q

what can cause conductive hearing loss?

A

a blockage of earwax or a build up of fluid from an infection.

may also result from changes in oestrogen levels in women through pregnancy or genetic disposition.

55
Q

what can cause sensorineural hearing loss?

A

damage to the hair cells in the inner ear
damage to the auditory nerve
viral infections such as measles, mumps and meningitis
damage to the ear caused by a blow to the head or exposure to a very loud noise

56
Q

biological explanation of deafness

A

a hearing impairment

57
Q

symptoms and effects of deafness

A

difficulty hearing other people
asking people to repeat themselves
difficulty hearing on the phone
finding it hard to keep up with a conversation
having to turn up the TV or music to a volume higher than other people.

58
Q

causes of deafness

A

ageing
exposure to loud noises
blockages of earwax and fluid
damage to hair cells in the inner ear

59
Q

how can earwax impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

builds up and causes dizziness, ear ache and hearing loss.

ear drops
ear syringe

60
Q

how can a perforated eardrum impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

perforated eardrum can be due to an injury to the ear, ear infection or loud noises.

can cause sudden hearing loss, fluid leaking from the ear, ringing/buzzing sounds

antibiotics, surgery to repair in extreme cases.

61
Q

how can an ear infection impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

bacteria or virus in the middle of the ear

ear ache, discharge, irritation, difficulty hearing

painkillers, antibiotics, ear drops

62
Q

how can meniere’s disease impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

build up of fluid in the ear

vertigo, hearing loss, feeling of fullness in the ear

medication, dietary changes

63
Q

how can glue ear impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

where the middle part of the ear canal fills with fluid

temporary hearing loss, earache, tinnitus, problems with balance

no effective medication, blowing balloon up with nostril to clear mucus

64
Q

how can otosclerosis impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

biological, exact cause unknown

unable to hear loud pitch sounds or whispers, dizziness, problems with balance, tinnitus

hearing aids
surgery

65
Q

how does cholesteatoma impact hearing and how can it be treated?

A

an abnormal collection of skin cells deep inside the ear or if part of the eardrum collapses

can damage the delicate structures in the ear that are essential for hearing and balance
ear infection
hearing loss
vertigo
tinnitus

surgery to remove

66
Q

monitoring of deafness/hearing loss

A

hearing check ups

67
Q

treatment for deafness/hearing loss

A

removing earwax
hearing aids
implants - devices that are attached to the skull or placed deep inside the ear
surgery
learning different ways of communicating such as sign language or lip reading

68
Q

care needs for those with hearing loss

A

support from groups and professionals
adaptive communication

69
Q

lifestyle impacts of hearing loss

A

loss of independence
need to learn adaptive communication
withdrawn
isolated
self conscious

70
Q

evaluation of daily eye drops - glaucoma

A

+ helps reduce pressure in the eye
+ prevents vision getting worse
+ can be administered by the individual themselves

  • may forget to administer them
  • collecting prescription
  • cost of prescription
  • may cause side effects such as stinging, itching, burning and redness
71
Q

evaluation of regular appointments - glaucoma

A

+ prevent condition getting worse as can check if eye drops are/aren’t working

  • may forget to attend
  • need time off work/school which will impact job and wages/education
72
Q

evaluation of laser treatment/surgery - glaucoma

A

+ gets rid of blocked drainage tubes
+ reduces fluid production in the eye
+ high success rate

  • can cause side effects such as swelling and soreness
  • risk of complications such as bleeding in the eye
73
Q

evaluation of stopping smoking and a healthy diet - Dry AMD

A

+ helps to slow progression of condition

  • requires willpower
  • healthy foods are more expensive
  • lack of knowledge of healthy diet
  • lack of time to prepare healthy food
  • smoking is an addiction
74
Q

evaluation of injections - Wet AMD

A

+ prevent vision loss

  • side effects such as itchy,dry,red,sore eyes, temporarily blurred vision
  • only administered by doctor
  • need time off work for appointments
75
Q

evaluation of photodynamic therapy - Wet AMD

A

+ slows down the damage to central vision
+ limits damage to healthy cells

  • can’t restore vision that has already been lost
  • photosensitivity reactions
  • risk of a new blind spot
76
Q

evaluation of stronger glasses and brighter reading lights - Cataracts

A

+ can restore good vision

  • only help for a short period so will require surgery as cataract worsens
77
Q

evaluation of surgery - cataracts

A

+ replaces the lens to improve vision
+ short procedure
+ fast recovery

  • side effects such as itching and inflammation, eye infection
  • risk of displacement of the lens
  • potential retinal detachment
  • bleeding within the eye
78
Q

evaluation of injections - retinopathy

A

+ can help stop problems getting worse
+ may improve vision

  • risk of blood clots forming which could lead to heart attack/stroke
  • risk of increased pressure inside the eye
79
Q

evaluation of laser treatment - retinopathy

A

+ can help stabilise the changes in eyes and stop vision getting worse

  • will not improve sight
  • can cause loss of peripheral vision, colour vision and night vision
  • may see floating objects or the pattern made by laser on the back of the eye for a few months
80
Q

evaluation of surgery - retinopathy

A

+ removes scar tissue from the eyes
+ prevents further deterioration of vision

  • need to wear patch over eye for a few days
  • blurred vision which will improve gradually
  • risk of developing a cataract
  • risk of retinal detachment, bleeding and infection
81
Q

evaluation of earwax removal - hearing loss

A

+ improves hearing
+ reduces discomfort
+ reduced risk of ear infections

  • risk of damage to ear canal/drum
82
Q

evaluation of hearing aids - hearing loss

A

+ help you hear everyday sounds and speech
+ can allow the individual to communicate more easily
+ easy procedure

  • irritation
  • injury from device such as scratches
  • can take months to be able to get used to them
  • only useful depending on how damaged the ear is
83
Q

evaluation of implants - hearing loss

A

+ able to hear everyday sounds

  • risks associated with surgery - infection, inflammation
84
Q

evaluation of different ways of communicating - hearing loss

A

+ improve social skills
+ help communicate with others and express themselves
+ decreases frustration as they can understand others

  • can be difficult to learn
  • limited access to services to be able to learn
  • not many hearing abled people know BSL or makaton etc

Unit 4 HSC (8 decks)

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