LO6 Flashcards
what is the pupil?
the opening in the middle of the eye which light passes through
what is the iris?
a visible coloured ring at the front of the eye.
it adjusts to the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil.
what are the tear glands?
known as the lacrimal glands.
produce tears to clean and lubricate the eye.
tears contain salt which is a natural antiseptic. Therefore it has the ability to defend against infection.
what are the aqueous and viterous humours?
a watery, jelly like fluid that fills the eye.
helps to keep the eye in shape and nourishing.
what is the conjunctiva?
thin membrane which protects the cornea.
what is the cornea?
the transparent front of the eye.
light t-rays pass through it to the retina.
what is the retina?
the inner lining of the eye.
it contains light sensitive cells that are called rods and cones.
what is the macula?
contains a high concentration of photoreceptor cells.
these detect light and send signals to the brain. This then interprets them as images.
what is the optic nerve?
where the nerve cells exit the eye.
there are no rods or cones so it is known as the blind spot.
what is the ciliary muscle?
enables the lens to change shape for focusing.
contracts to stretch the lens, making it flatter and thinner.
what are the suspensory ligaments?
attach to the ciliary muscle.
what is the lens?
focuses light entering the eye.
definition of glaucoma
a common eye condition where the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain, becomes damaged.
symptoms of glaucoma
- intense eye pain
- nausea and vomiting
- red eyes
- headaches
- tenderness around the eyes
- seeing rings around lights
- blurred vision
causes of glaucoma
the fluid builds up and puts pressure on the optic nerve, damaging it and effecting the electrical impulse transmission to the brain. Results in blindness
monitoring of glaucoma
- regular appointments to monitor the condition and check that the eye drop treatment is working
treatment of glaucoma
- daily eye drops administered by the individual themselves. This is the most common form of treatment
- laser treatment to open up blocked drainage tubes or reduce the fluid production in the eye
- surgery to improve the drainage of fluid
care needs of glaucoma
- regular check ups
- recovery from surgery
- healthy eating/dietary changes
-taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly - home adaptations
lifestyle impacts of glaucoma
- loss of independence
- problems with reading and driving
- may need to change jobs
- feeling tired or stressed
- may lead to loss of employment
-emotional and social effects - depression, not going out or taking part in hobbies or sports
definition of age-related macula degeneration (AMD)
an eye disease that can blur your central vision. it happens when aging causes damage to the macula. The part of the eye that controls sharp, straight ahead vision.
symptoms of AMD
- gradual vision loss
- seeing straight lines as wavy or crooked
- objects looking smaller than normal
- colours seeming less bright than they used to
- seeing things that aren’t there (hallucinations)
causes of AMD
- actual cause unknown
- linked to high blood pressure, being overweight and having a family history of the condition
monitoring AMD
regular scans
treatment for AMD
- no treatment to cure the condition
- stopping smoking may slow progression
care needs for AMD
regular check ups
recovery from surgery
healthy eating/dietary changes
taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
home adaptations
lifestyle impacts of AMD
loss of independence
problems with reading and driving
may have to change jobs
feeling tired or stressed
may lead to a loss of employment
emotional and social effects - depression, not going out socially or taking part in hobbies or sports.
definition of cataracts
a cloudy area in the lens of the eye. (the clear part of the eye that helps to focus light)
symptoms of cataracts
cloudy or blurry vision.
colours look faded.
can’t see well at night.
lamps, sunlight or headlights seem too bright.
you can see a halo around lights.
double vision.
causes of cataracts
diabetes
exposure to UV light
taking certain medications such as statins for a long time
smoking
drinking too much alcohol
family history
monitoring of cataracts
regular eye examinations to check the development
treatment for cataracts
stronger glasses and brighter reading lights may help for a while.
surgery will eventually be needed to remove the lens and replace it
care needs for cataracts
regular check ups
recovery from surgery
healthy eating/dietary changes
taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
home adaptations
lifestyle impacts of cataracts
loss of independence
problems with reading and driving
may have to change jobs
feeling tired or stressed
may lead to a loss of employment
emotional and social effects - depression, not going out socially or taking part in hobbies or sports.
definition of retinopathy
a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the retina.
symptoms of retinopathy
gradually worsening vision
sudden vision loss
shapes floating in your field of vision
blurred or patchy vision
eye pain or redness
causes of retinopathy
high blood sugar due to diabetes can cause blood vessels to narrow and leak, resulting in abnormal blood flow to the retina. This damages cells in the retina.
monitoring of retinopathy
monitor and control blood sugar levels, blood pressure and cholesterol levels
attend diabetic eye screening appointments
treatment of retinopathy
injections of medication into the eyes
laser treatment
an operation to remove scar tissue from the eyes
care needs of retinopathy
regular check ups
recovery from surgery
healthy eating/dietary changes
taking care to avoid injuries due to falls - not seeing properly
home adaptations
lifestyle impacts of retinopathy
loss of independence
problems with reading and driving
may have to change jobs
feeling tired or stressed
may lead to a loss of employment
emotional and social effects - depression, not going out socially or taking part in hobbies or sports.
what is the eardrum?
Tympanic membrane
A thin layer of tissue that receives sounds vibrations and transmits them to the middle ear cavity
What are the stapes/incus/malleus ear bones?
Also knowns as stirrup/anvil and hammer
Small bones that amplify the sound waves and transmit the vibrations across the middle ear to the cochlea
What is the cochlea?
Contains a jelly like fluid in a coiled tube that resembles a snails shell.
Vibrations pass through the fluid and are converted to neural messages and passed on to the brain via the auditory nerve
What is the organ of corti?
Located in the cochlea
Sometimes called the body’s microphone and is lined with rows of hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses
What is the Eustachian tube?
Connects the middle ear to the throat
It ensures that the pressure in the Middle Ear is equal to the pressure outside the ear.
What is the round window?
A drum like membrane
Vibrations from the oval window pass through it to the cochlea
What is the auditory nerve?
A bundle of nerve fibres that carry hearing information between the cochlea and the brain
What are the semi-circular canals and ampullae?
Tiny fluid filled tubes in the inner ear that help with balance.
They have nothing to do with hearing.
They are lined with cilia and as the movements of the cilia are communicated to the brain they work as a kind of motion sensor to help you keep your balance
how does the ear work?
the cochlea and the semi-circular canals are part of your inner ear. They are crucial for balance and hearing.
Sound enters the outer ear as pressure waves in the air.
Waves make the ear drum vibrate.
Vibrations create movement of the 3 small bones (semi-circular bones).
one bone called the styrup is the smallest bone in the body.
the bones transmit the vibrations to the oval window.
The cochlea is a liquid filled cavity which contains tiny hairs.
The hairs move and pass information to the brain along the auditory nerves, so sound can be heard.
what can cause sudden hearing loss in one ear?
earwax
an ear infection
a perforated eardrum
menieres disease
what can cause sudden hearing loss in both ears?
may be due to damage from a very loud noise or taking certain medications that can affect hearing.
what can cause gradual hearing loss in one ear?
may be something inside the ear such as fluid (glue ear)
a bony growth (otosclerosis)
a build up of skin cells (cholesteatoma)
what can cause gradual hearing loss in both ears?
usually caused by ageing or exposure to loud noises over many years
what can cause conductive hearing loss?
a blockage of earwax or a build up of fluid from an infection.
may also result from changes in oestrogen levels in women through pregnancy or genetic disposition.
what can cause sensorineural hearing loss?
damage to the hair cells in the inner ear
damage to the auditory nerve
viral infections such as measles, mumps and meningitis
damage to the ear caused by a blow to the head or exposure to a very loud noise
biological explanation of deafness
a hearing impairment
symptoms and effects of deafness
difficulty hearing other people
asking people to repeat themselves
difficulty hearing on the phone
finding it hard to keep up with a conversation
having to turn up the TV or music to a volume higher than other people.
causes of deafness
ageing
exposure to loud noises
blockages of earwax and fluid
damage to hair cells in the inner ear
how can earwax impact hearing and how can it be treated?
builds up and causes dizziness, ear ache and hearing loss.
ear drops
ear syringe
how can a perforated eardrum impact hearing and how can it be treated?
perforated eardrum can be due to an injury to the ear, ear infection or loud noises.
can cause sudden hearing loss, fluid leaking from the ear, ringing/buzzing sounds
antibiotics, surgery to repair in extreme cases.
how can an ear infection impact hearing and how can it be treated?
bacteria or virus in the middle of the ear
ear ache, discharge, irritation, difficulty hearing
painkillers, antibiotics, ear drops
how can meniere’s disease impact hearing and how can it be treated?
build up of fluid in the ear
vertigo, hearing loss, feeling of fullness in the ear
medication, dietary changes
how can glue ear impact hearing and how can it be treated?
where the middle part of the ear canal fills with fluid
temporary hearing loss, earache, tinnitus, problems with balance
no effective medication, blowing balloon up with nostril to clear mucus
how can otosclerosis impact hearing and how can it be treated?
biological, exact cause unknown
unable to hear loud pitch sounds or whispers, dizziness, problems with balance, tinnitus
hearing aids
surgery
how does cholesteatoma impact hearing and how can it be treated?
an abnormal collection of skin cells deep inside the ear or if part of the eardrum collapses
can damage the delicate structures in the ear that are essential for hearing and balance
ear infection
hearing loss
vertigo
tinnitus
surgery to remove
monitoring of deafness/hearing loss
hearing check ups
treatment for deafness/hearing loss
removing earwax
hearing aids
implants - devices that are attached to the skull or placed deep inside the ear
surgery
learning different ways of communicating such as sign language or lip reading
care needs for those with hearing loss
support from groups and professionals
adaptive communication
lifestyle impacts of hearing loss
loss of independence
need to learn adaptive communication
withdrawn
isolated
self conscious
evaluation of daily eye drops - glaucoma
+ helps reduce pressure in the eye
+ prevents vision getting worse
+ can be administered by the individual themselves
- may forget to administer them
- collecting prescription
- cost of prescription
- may cause side effects such as stinging, itching, burning and redness
evaluation of regular appointments - glaucoma
+ prevent condition getting worse as can check if eye drops are/aren’t working
- may forget to attend
- need time off work/school which will impact job and wages/education
evaluation of laser treatment/surgery - glaucoma
+ gets rid of blocked drainage tubes
+ reduces fluid production in the eye
+ high success rate
- can cause side effects such as swelling and soreness
- risk of complications such as bleeding in the eye
evaluation of stopping smoking and a healthy diet - Dry AMD
+ helps to slow progression of condition
- requires willpower
- healthy foods are more expensive
- lack of knowledge of healthy diet
- lack of time to prepare healthy food
- smoking is an addiction
evaluation of injections - Wet AMD
+ prevent vision loss
- side effects such as itchy,dry,red,sore eyes, temporarily blurred vision
- only administered by doctor
- need time off work for appointments
evaluation of photodynamic therapy - Wet AMD
+ slows down the damage to central vision
+ limits damage to healthy cells
- can’t restore vision that has already been lost
- photosensitivity reactions
- risk of a new blind spot
evaluation of stronger glasses and brighter reading lights - Cataracts
+ can restore good vision
- only help for a short period so will require surgery as cataract worsens
evaluation of surgery - cataracts
+ replaces the lens to improve vision
+ short procedure
+ fast recovery
- side effects such as itching and inflammation, eye infection
- risk of displacement of the lens
- potential retinal detachment
- bleeding within the eye
evaluation of injections - retinopathy
+ can help stop problems getting worse
+ may improve vision
- risk of blood clots forming which could lead to heart attack/stroke
- risk of increased pressure inside the eye
evaluation of laser treatment - retinopathy
+ can help stabilise the changes in eyes and stop vision getting worse
- will not improve sight
- can cause loss of peripheral vision, colour vision and night vision
- may see floating objects or the pattern made by laser on the back of the eye for a few months
evaluation of surgery - retinopathy
+ removes scar tissue from the eyes
+ prevents further deterioration of vision
- need to wear patch over eye for a few days
- blurred vision which will improve gradually
- risk of developing a cataract
- risk of retinal detachment, bleeding and infection
evaluation of earwax removal - hearing loss
+ improves hearing
+ reduces discomfort
+ reduced risk of ear infections
- risk of damage to ear canal/drum
evaluation of hearing aids - hearing loss
+ help you hear everyday sounds and speech
+ can allow the individual to communicate more easily
+ easy procedure
- irritation
- injury from device such as scratches
- can take months to be able to get used to them
- only useful depending on how damaged the ear is
evaluation of implants - hearing loss
+ able to hear everyday sounds
- risks associated with surgery - infection, inflammation
evaluation of different ways of communicating - hearing loss
+ improve social skills
+ help communicate with others and express themselves
+ decreases frustration as they can understand others
- can be difficult to learn
- limited access to services to be able to learn
- not many hearing abled people know BSL or makaton etc
