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Unit 4 HSC > LO4 > Flashcards

LO4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 parts of a vertical section of bone?

A

cartilage
spongy bone
compact bone
bone marrow

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2
Q

what are the 6 parts of a transverse section of bone?

A

osteon
osteocytes
haversian canal
canaliculi
lamellae
lacunae

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3
Q

what is cartilage?

A

a strong flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones.

it acts as a shock absorber throughout the body.

cartilage at the end of bones reduces friction and prevents bones from rubbing together when you use your joints.

it is also the main tissue in some parts of the body and gives them their structure and shape.

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4
Q

what is spongy bone?

A

provides balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily.

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5
Q

what is compact bone?

A

forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body.

functions primarily to provide strength and protection to bones.

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6
Q

what is bone marrow?

A

a spongy substance found in the centre of bones.

healthy bone marrow is an essential part of the body as it contains stem cells that produce blood cells and cells that make up the immune system.

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7
Q

what is an osteon?

A

the overall term for the system that is made up of haversian canals, osteocytes, canaliculi , lacunae and lamellae.

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8
Q

what is lamellae?

A

layers of hard bone.

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9
Q

what is lacunae?

A

spaces within the hard bone that contain the living osteocytes.

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10
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

bone cells.

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11
Q

what is the haversian canal?

A

the central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves.

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12
Q

what is canaliculi?

A

tiny channels containing cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes.

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13
Q

what are the 4 things the skeleton can do?

A

grow in size
repair its own broken parts
lubricate its own joints
support internal organs

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14
Q

what are the 5 main functions of the skeleton?

A

protection
support
movement
blood cell production
to store minerals

calcium = strength

potassium = regulating fluid levels, nerve functions

iron = production of haemoglobin

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15
Q

what are the 5 types of joints?

A

pivot
hinge
ball and socket
sliding/gliding
fixed

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16
Q

what is a fixed joint?

A

cranium, pelvis

immoveable

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17
Q

what is a pivot joint?

A

neck

only allows rotation

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18
Q

what is a hinge joint?

A

elbow, knee

freely moveable joints
synovial joints

only moves in 2 directions

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19
Q

what is a ball and socket joint?

A

hip, shoulder

most moveable joints in the body

can move in all directions

freely moveable joints

synovial joints

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20
Q

what are sliding/gliding joints?

A

wrist, ankle

there is little movement in all directions

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21
Q

how is the skeleton made for movement?

A

the skelton is jointed to allow movement

the bones are attached by ligaments

muscular contraction causes the bones to move about the joints

the bones act as levers with the joints acting as pivots

a joint is where 2 or more bones meet and muscles act together to cause movement

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22
Q

what are the 7 components of a synovial joint?

A

muscle
bone
ligament
tendon
cartilage
synovial capsule
synovial fluid

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23
Q

what is the function of muscle in a synovial joint?

A

necessary for movement

it contracts and relaxes to move the joint

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24
Q

what is the function of bone in a synovial joint?

A

provides the framework and support for the attachment of muscles and other tissues

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25
Q

what is the function of ligaments in a synovial joint?

A

these are elastic straps which join bone to bone, holding the joint together

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26
Q

what is the function of tendons in a synovial joint?

A

these are non-elastic straps which join muscle to bone

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27
Q

what is the function of cartilage in a synovial joint?

A

a material which covers the end of each bone and helps to prevent friction between the joint as well as absorb shock in the joint, allowing it to move smoothly

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28
Q

what is the function of the synovial capsule in a synovial joint?

A

secretes synovial fluids and maintains joint stability

29
Q

what is the function of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

A

the fluid which surrounds the joints and lubricates and nourishes them to allow easy movement

30
Q

what are muscles that work together called?

A

antagonistic pairs
where one contracts and the other relaxes

31
Q

what is the agonist?

A

the muscle that is contracting and creating the movement

32
Q

what is the antagonist?

A

the muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place

33
Q

what happens when a muscle contracts to move a joint?

A

the tendon pulls on the bone

34
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

a long term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints

it usually affects the hands, feet and wrists

35
Q

what causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

it is an autoimmune condition, meaning it is caused by the immune system attacking healthy body tissues

the immune system sends antibodies to the lining of the joints, where they attack the tissue surrounding the joint

the synovial membrane that lines and lubricates the joint becomes inflamed and sore. This inflammation gradually destroys the cartilage.

As scar tissue replaces the cartilage, the joint becomes misshapen and rigid

36
Q

who is most at risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis or when?

A

increased risk if you smoke

women are more likely to develop due to high oestrogen levels

could be inherited

37
Q

what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

throbbing pain, aching, stiff joints

joints swelling and becoming hot and tender to touch

firm swellings called rheumatoid nodules can also develop under the skin around affected joints

38
Q

treatments for rheumatoid arthritis

A

treatments can help reduce inflammation in the joints, relieve pain, prevent or slow down joint damage, reduce disability and enable you to be as active as possible.

disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
physiotherapy
TENS
Painkillers
Steroids
NSAIDS
arthroscopy
arthroplasty
complimentary therapies

39
Q

care needs for rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis

A

home adaptations - bath/shower aids, long handled taps and equipment, electrical kitchen equipment

joint supports to reduce movement and pain

mobility aids - walking frames/sticks, hand rails, stair lifts

carers/family/friends - help with cleaning, cooking, shopping, washing and emotional support

40
Q

Lifestyle impacts/ADLs for rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis

A

pain makes exercise difficult resulting in weight gain which places further strain on joints.

pain results in less sleep, can affect emotions.

inflamed joints and pain makes moving/lifting difficult which can impact hobbies or recreational activities such as gardening.

mobility issues can affect shopping, employment and driving.

Loss of dexterity can mean hobbies/activities become impossible.

being independent/washing/cooking can become difficult.

emotional/social effects - isolation, disempowerment, depression, loss of friendships due to reduced ability to leave house

41
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A

a condition that causes joints to become painful and stiff as the cartilage loses elasticity and wears away over time.

42
Q

what causes osteoarthritis?

A

as part of normal life, joints are exposed to a constant low level of damage. In most cases, the body repairs the damage itself and you do not experience any symptoms.

the protective cartilage on the ends of bones loses elasticity and breaks down. As the cartilage deteriorates, tendons and ligaments stretch and eventually the bones can become painful, swollen and there is problems when moving the joint.

bony growths can develop and the area can become swollen and red.

43
Q

who is most at risk of developing osteoarthritis or when?

A

increases as you get older

being overweight puts excess strain on the weight-bearing joints and so they become more damaged and therefore osteoarthritis is more likely

can develop if a joint has been damaged by an injury or operation = if not given enough time to heal

44
Q

what are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A

joints become painful and stiff, most often in the knees, hips and small joints of the hands

there is joint tenderness and and increased pain if joint has not moved in a while

there can be a cracking noise or grating sensation of the joint

limited range of movement in the joint

joint may appear more ‘knobbly’ than usual

45
Q

treatments of osteoarthritis

A

there is no cure but the condition does not necessarily get any worse over time. these treatments can help relieve pain.

lifestyle changes - exercise/weight loss
painkillers
steroids
NSAIDS
Arthroplasty

46
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break

it develop slowly over several years and it is often only diagnosed when a fall or sudden impact causes a bone to fracture

47
Q

what causes osteoporosis?

A

loss of protein matrix from the bone resulting in a loss of bone density, making bones thinner and more fragile

48
Q

who is most at risk of developing osteoporosis or when?

A

women are more at risk because the hormone changes that happen at the menopause directly affect bone density

the hormone oestrogen is essential for healthy bones and these levels fall after the menopause, leading to a rapid decrease in bone density

family history

heavy drinking and smoking

eating disorders

long term use of medication that affects bone strength

low vitamin d intake

49
Q

symptoms of osteoporosis

A

no obvious pain unless bone fracture occurs

a minor fall or sudden impact can cause a bone fracture

loss of height

50
Q

monitoring of osteoporosis

A

bone density scan (DEXA) to monitor

blood tests

51
Q

treatment for osteoporosis

A

treating osteoporosis involves treating and preventing fractures, and using medicines to strengthen bones.

medicine - to slow the rate that bone is broken down
HRT
treating the broken bone
calcium and vitamin D supplements
painkillers - when a bone is fractured.

52
Q

care needs for osteoporosis

A

reduce fall hazards - make sure rugs/carpets/mats are secure

rubber bath mats by sink and bath to prevent slipping.

home modifications - bath/shower aids

pain control - medication, cold/hot therapy, TENS machine

mobility aids - walking frames/sticks, hand rails, stair lift - help gives stability when moving

carers/family/friends to help

emotional support

53
Q

lifestyle impacts of osteporosis

A

tired - unable to sleep properly due to pain

poor mobility due to pain caused by moving

may develop stooped posture which causes discomfort

frightened to out for fear of falling and breaking a bone

unable/unwilling to continue with exercise for fear

may cause social isolation due to worry about falls

attending regular medical appointments

54
Q

Explain how the forearm is raised and lowered

A

The bicep muscle contracts

Pulls on tendons attached to radius

Raises forearm

Meanwhile, triceps relaxes and extends

Biceps and triceps act as an antagonistic pair

Tricep contracts

Pulls on tendon attached to ulna

Bicep relaxes

Forearm lowered

55
Q

evaluation of non-sterodial anti-inflammatory drugs - rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

A

+ relieves pain
+ relieves inflammation
+ easy to access

  • lots of negative side effects
  • may clash with other medication
  • risk of overdose
56
Q

evaluation of TENS - rheumatoid arthritis

A

applies a small pulse of electricity to the affected joint and numbs the nerve endings

+ reduces inflammation in the joints
+ relieves pain
+ slows down damage
+ reduce disability
+ relaxes muscles
+ no injections

  • could get an allergic reaction
  • uncomfortable
  • burning sensation
  • have to pay £27
  • skin redness and irritation
57
Q

evaluation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs - rheumatoid arthritis

A

immunosuppresants to slow down progression of rheumatoid arthritis

+ slows down progression
+ preserves joints
+ reduces inflammation
+ improves symptoms

  • increased risk of common serious infection
  • side effects such as loss of appetite, nausea, liver problems
  • affects blood cells
58
Q

evaluation of complimentary therapies - rheumatoid arthritis

A

+ relieves pain
+ good for short term benefits

  • little evidence that they are effective in the long term
  • can cause severe allergic reactions to the active ingredient
59
Q

evaluation of arthroscopy - rheumatoid arthritis

A

arthroscope inserted into joint and produces clear image of joint. Special tools inserted to work on joint.

+ allows doctor to see inside a joint
+ less swelling/inflammation
+ less pain
+ may improve function of joint
+ may be able to reduce use of drugs

  • does not cure or stop progression of disease
  • ineffective in providing long-term relief
  • risk of infection and nerve damage
  • higher fracture risk after surgery
60
Q

evaluation of medicine - osteoporosis

A

+ slows down the rate that bones are broken down and speeds up the rate that cells build bone
+ strengthens bone
+ reduces risk of fractures
+ can improve life expectancy

  • can cause side effects such as muscle joint/pain
  • rashes
  • constipation
  • cold-like symptoms
  • small number of people experience jawbone problems
  • upset stomach and heartburn
61
Q

evaluation of painkillers - rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis

A

block pain signals

+ alleviate pain
+ cheap to buy
+ easy access as don’t need prescription
+ reduce swelling

  • can’t solve long term issue
  • risk of overdose
  • too much paracetamol
  • can cause liver failure
  • cause side effects such as dizziness, nausea, heart burn
  • does’t prevent joint damage
62
Q

evaluation of arthroplasty - osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis

A

reconstruct or replace diseased joint

+ substantial improvement in joint pain
+ improve quality of life
+ restore function of joint
+ improve ability to perform activities

  • can cause infection, nerve damage, allergic reactions, problems with new knee
63
Q

evaluation of treating the broken bone - osteoporosis

A

includes external bracing, surgery, pain medication

+ heals the bone quicker
+ prevents further damage
+ restore function of joint pain
+ relieves pain
+ improves quality of life

  • high risk with surgery
  • does not cure condition
64
Q

evaluation of steroids - rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis

A

+ reduces pain
+ reduces swelling/inflammation

  • weight gain
  • sleep problems
  • mood changes
  • thinning of skin
  • bruising easily
65
Q

evaluation of calcium and vitamin D supplements - osteoporosis

A

vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium

calcium helps strengthen bone

+ easy access
+ helps improve bone density
+ help prevent fractures

  • it is not a cure
  • too much vitamin D can lead to unsafe levels of calcium in the blood
  • possible side effects such as loss of appetite
  • mood changes
  • can take around 1-3 months to be effective
  • can be costly
66
Q

evaluation of hormone replacement therapy - osteoporosis

A

causes oestrogen levels to increase

+ prevent bone density loss
+ strengthens bone and reduces fractures
+ relieve symptoms

  • increase risk off blood clots, stroke, breast cancer
  • side effects such as nausea, headaches, mood change, diarrhoea
67
Q

evaluation of physiotherapy - osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis

A

+ improves muscle strength
+ pain control
+ reduce inflammation and stiffness
+ increase flexibility

  • have to consistently do for many years
  • can be difficult to access
  • expensive
68
Q

evaluation of lifestyle changes - osteoporosis, osteoarthritis

A

+ lose weight - less strain on joints
+ reduce stiffness in joints
+ strengthens muscle
+ improves energy levels
+ benefits overall health
+ minimises effects of disease

  • too much exercise during a flare up may result in increased pain, inflammation, risk of damage.

Unit 4 HSC (8 decks)

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