LO 66 - 74 Flashcards
What is nature’s heat tax?
on every energy transaction, some energy is lost/dissipated as heat to the surroundings
______ processes occur without outside intervention such as work by an external force
spontaneous
Are nonspontaneous processes impossible?
No
Can a nonspontaneous process become spontaneous?
Yes, under a change in surrounding conditions OR if paired with another spontaneous process
Kinetics have to do with the ____________ and _______ of a reaction while thermodynamics have to do with the __________ and ___________ of a reaction
Intermediate states, speed
Initial and final states, spontaneity
Are all spontaneous processes fast?
No, spontaneous only indicates direction and extent not rate
__________ is the spreading out of energy.
entropy (S)
In the equation S = K · ln(W) what is W?
The number of energetically equivalent ways to arrange components in a system / microstates within a macrostate
A given set of conditions (P,V,T) describes a system’s __________ and remains constant as long as conditions are constant. The __________ describes the exact internal energy distribution of a system
macrostate
microstate
Increased entropy of a state means ________ dispersal of energy
greater
For any spontaneous process, how must the S of the universe be affected?
the entropy of the universe MUST increase
A chemical reaction will proceed in the direction that ____________ of the universe
increases the entropy
Rank the states of matter from lowest to highest entropy
solid < liquid < gas
When determining the change in entropy of a gaseous reaction . . .
final gaseous mols - initial gaseous mols UNLESS you are working with a phase change of a single compound
What are the units of entropy?
Joules/Kelvin
Equation to determine the change in ΔS universe
ΔS universe = ΔS system + ΔS surroundings
Exothermic processes (-ΔH) ________ ΔS surroundings
increase
Endothermic processes (+ΔH) ___________ ΔS surroundings
decrease
The greater the temperature of the surroundings, the ________ the increase in entropy because . . .
smaller
entropy represents the energy dispersed in a sample of matter PER unit temp.
What is the formula for ΔS surroundings?
ΔS surr. = (-ΔH system)/T
In kelvin at constant pressure and temp.
a process the emits heat is ____________ with a _______ ΔH system but _________ ΔH surroundings
exothermic
negative
positive
a process the absorbs heat is ____________ with a _______ ΔH system but _________ ΔH surroundings
endothermic
positive
negative
ΔS° system = . . .
∑S° products - ∑S° reactants
Given only the change in system energy, how would you calculate ΔS universe?
ΔS universe = ΔS system - (ΔH system/T)