LO 6 Flashcards
What are the 6 major bones of the skull?
- Occipital bone
- Parietal bone
- Temporal bone
- Frontal bone
- Sphenoid bone (near eye socket, connects to temporal and parietal bone)
- Ethmoid bone (square bone at the root of the nose- olfactory nerve passes through here)
What are the divisions of the spine, and how many bones does each division have?
- Cervical - 7
- Thoracic - 12
- Lumbar - 5
- Sacrum - 1
- Coccyx (tailbone) - 1
What is the purpose of the curvature of the spine?
It gives strength to support body, allowing us to stand and walk
Describe the vertebral column
- Made up of individual vertebrae
- Stacked in such a way to give the spine flexibility and strength
- The various parts of the vertebrae play an important role in controlling the movement of the spine
Describe the thorax
- 12 pairs of ribs
- Sternum (breast bone) - manubrium (superior portion), xiphoid process (piece of cartilage at lower end)
- Thoracic vertebrae (thorax/chest) - 12 in total; ribs attached to them
What two sections compose the sternum?
- Manubrium - superior portion
- Xiphoid process- piece of cartilage at lower end
Each pair of ribs attach posteriorly to a ______, all except the lower 2 pairs also attach anteriorly to ______ by ______
- Thoracic vertebrae
- The sternum
- Costal cartilage
What is unique about the 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs?
They attach to the cartilage of the 7th ribs, they are the “false ribs”
What is unique about the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs?
They don’t attach to any costal cartilage, they are the “floating ribs”
Describe the hyoid bone
- Horseshoe shaped bone in the interior midline of the neck
- Used in tongue movement and swallowing
- Attached to the muscles of the tongue and the floor of the mouth
What are the major parts of the upper extremity of the appendicular skeleton?
- Shoulder/pectoral girdle
- Arms
- Wrists
- Hands
What are the major parts of the lower extremity of the appendicular skeleton?
- Hips
- Pelvic girdles
- Legs
- Ankles
- Feet
The shoulder is also known as the _____
Pectoral girdle
The ______ is an arm bone that runs from shoulder to elbow
Humerus
The 2 bones running from elbow to wrist
Radius and ulna (radius is the bigger one, ulna is smaller)
What are the 2 major bones of the wrists and palms and how many of each are there?
- Carpal - 8
- Metacarpal - 5
How many phalangy (finger) bones are there?
14
Why do our hands have such great dexterity?
Because our wrists and hands have more bones in them for their size than any other part of our body
Describe the pectoral girdle and what is included
- Shoulder -
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Clavicle (collar bone - commonly fractures)
- Connects upper extremity to axial skeleton
- Point of connection - sternoclavicular joint
Describe the humerus
- It is the long bone of the arm and the second longest bone in the body
- It is held in place at the scapula by the rotator cuff
Describe the radius and ulna
- They are the forearm bones between the elbow and wrist
- Their anatomical positions are that the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial
Describe the elbow joint
- Bony process of ulna (olecranon ) fits into big ‘crater’ (olecranon fossa) on posterior of humerus
Describe the pelvic girdle
- Also known as the hips
- There are two pelvic (coxal) bones
- Also contains sacrum and coccyx
- It is a strong base to support the torso and connect lower extremities to the axial skeleton
Describe the femur
- Is the thigh bone
- Longest bone in the body
- Runs hip to knee
- Head joins hip at acetabulum
- Distal end joins with tibia and fibula at knee
Describe the tibia
- Shin bone
- Sharp edge along front lower leg
Describe the fibula
- Very delicate
- Doesn’t bear weight
- Lateral bone in lower leg
Describe the tarsals
- Seven bone that make up the heel, back of the foot, ankle
- The calcaneus (heel bone) is the largest one
Describe the metatarsals
- 5 bones that make up the middle of the foot
- The toes attach to them
Describe the phalanges
- 14 bones that make up the toes
- Compact bone
- Provide strong and springy base for the body
Describe some of the differences between male and female skeletons
- The male skeleton is larger, but other differences are primarily related to the structure of the pelvis
- Female pelvis is designed to carry and deliver baby - it is broad and shallow
- The male pelvis is deep and narrow
- Size of the pelvic inlet and outlet - generally wider and females, normally large enough for a baby’s head to pass through
- Pubic angle - angle between pubic bones generally wider in females
What is true of every bone in the body except the hyoid bone?
They all connect to at least one other bone at a joint
What are the three types of joints?
- Synarthrosis - no movement
- Amphiarthrosis-sleep movement
- Diarthrosis - free movement
Arthro means _______
Joint
The prefix “syn” means _____
Joined/together
The prefix “amphi” means ______
On both sides
The prefix “di” means ______
Two
Describe synarthrosis joints
- There is no movement
- Fibrous connective tissue grows between articulating bones holding them close together (e.g. sutures of the skull)
Describe amphiarthrosis joints
- These joints have slight movement
- Cartilage connects articulating bones (e.g. symphysis pubis; joints between vertebrae)
Describe diarthrosis joints
- Free movement- these are most joints
- Structure - joint capsule, ligaments, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint cavity
Describe the joint capsule of direthrosis joints
- Made of tough, strong fibrous connective tissue
- Lined with synovial membrane
- Capsule fits over the end of the two joining bones
- Firmly attached to the shaft of each bone at the periosteum
- Provides very secure attachment while allowing movement at joint
Describe ligaments
- Bands made of tough, fibrous connective tissue
- Originate from the periosteum
- Attach bones together
Describe articular cartilage
- Smooth/rubbery
- Covers ends of bones at joints
- Decreases friction
- Absorbs jolts - like jumping from a great height
Describe the synovial membrane
- Lines joint capsule
- Secretes lubricating fluid - synovial fluid
- Facilitates movement
What are the six types of diarthrotic joints
- Ball and socket - allows widest range of movement (e.g.shoulder and hip)
- Hinge - allows flexion and extension (e.g elbows, knees, fingers)
- Pivot - allows rotation (e.g. cervical ‘neck’ vertebrae)
- Saddle - only one pair ‘opposing thumb’ excellent range of motion
- Gliding - allows gliding motion only (e.g. between vertebrae)
- Condyloid - flexion/extension, adduction/abduction e.g. wrist, fingers
